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Page 1 of 4

  • Chapter Three - Goffman’s Methods and Metaphors

  • Edited by Michael Hviid Jacobsen, Aalborg University, Denmark
  • Book:
    The Anthem Companion to Erving Goffman
    Published by:
    Anthem Press
    Published online:
    17 October 2023
    Print publication:
    10 January 2023, pp 55-72

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Erving Goffman wrote relatively little about his own methods of work (Manning 1992, 142; Becker 2003, 660; Jacobsen and Kristiansen 2015, 41), and virtually nothing about social research methodology more generally, at one point suggesting that this could only amount to “rationalizations” (Goffman 1989, 124). He seems to have rejected the idea that fieldwork relied on specialized techniques, as well as discussion of “paradigms” ( Goffman 1981b; Verhoeven 1993). Nevertheless, he did provide a fairly detailed account of his Shetland Islands’ fieldwork in his PhD dissertation (Goffman 1953a) and offered some indications about his orientation in two interviews (Verhoeven 1983; Winkin 1984), as well as replying to criticism at one point (Denzin and Keller 1981; Goffman 1981b). There was at least one other occasion when he was induced to talk publicly about method, and what he said was secretly recorded and published after his death (Goffman 1989). A reasonably clear sense of his distinctive orientation can be gleaned from these sources, as well as from his substantive work; though they leave some significant issues unresolved (Manning 1992, chapter 7; Jacobsen and Kristiansen 2015; Manning 2016).

    Of course, Goffman’s reluctance to talk about methodology has not stopped commentators writing about this aspect of his work. Indeed, while what he produced has been widely admired, his methods have often been criticized (see Williams 1988). These criticisms have varied considerably in character, coming from diverse directions: from those appealing to a traditional conception of the form ethnographies should take; from commentators relying on a positivistic conception of science; from proponents of grounded theory; and from conversation analysts. This reflects the fact that Goffman’s work highlights significant methodological tensions within social science, ones that are (if anything) even more challenging today than they were at the time he was writing.

    In this chapter, we revisit the issue of Goffman’s methods, beginning with a look at the sorts of data he employed, and the uses to which he put these— in particular, the pursuit of comparative analysis to identify formal features in the social organization of interpersonal interaction.

  • Just the Facts: The Five F's of Focused Echocardiography in Shock

  • Paul Atkinson, Mandy Peach, David Lewis
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine / Volume 22 / Issue 5 / September 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    13 August 2020, pp. 655-657
    Print publication:
    September 2020
    • Article
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  • A 60-year-old female presents to the emergency department (ED) with a 3-day history of fatigue and mild breathlessness. She has a history of lung cancer. Her vitals indicate shock with a heart rate of 140 bpm, a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 65 mmHg, a respiratory rate of 28, with an oxygen saturation of 90% on 100% a nonrebreather mask, and a normal temperature at 36°C. Her electrocardiograph (ECG) shows sinus tachycardia. She appears mottled and pale.

  • Just the Facts: Hypertension in the emergency department

  • Aaron K. Sibley, Paul Atkinson, Philip Shayne
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine / Volume 22 / Issue 4 / July 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    07 May 2020, pp. 456-458
    Print publication:
    July 2020
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  • A 65-year-old female smoker complains of dizziness and mild headache. While at the local pharmacy buying acetaminophen, she decides to check her blood pressure to see if it could be “causing her symptoms.” Her initial measurement is 220/96 mm Hg. In consultation with the on-duty pharmacist she is instructed to immediately attend the emergency department (ED) for management of her hypertension.

  • Just the Facts: Point-of-care ultrasound in the management of shoulder dislocations

  • Ryan Henneberry, Tara Dahn, Paul Atkinson
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine / Volume 22 / Issue 3 / May 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    20 April 2020, pp. 287-290
    Print publication:
    May 2020
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  • A 59-year-old man presents with left shoulder pain after falling while playing with his dog at the park. He drove himself to the emergency department (ED). He reports 5/10 pain and has reduced range of motion of the shoulder. His shoulder looks normal on exam and is not squared off. You wonder if he might have a posterior shoulder dislocation.

  • Just the Facts: Airway management during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic

  • George Kovacs, Nicholas Sowers, Samuel Campbell, James French, Paul Atkinson
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine / Volume 22 / Issue 4 / July 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 March 2020, pp. 440-444
    Print publication:
    July 2020
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • A previously healthy 42-year-old male developed a fever and cough shortly after returning to Canada from overseas. Initially, he had mild upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and a cough. He was aware of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and the advisory to self-isolate and did so; however, he developed increasing respiratory distress over several days and called 911. On arrival at the emergency department (ED), his heart rate was 130 beats/min, respiratory rate 32 per/min, and oxygenation saturation 82% on room air. As per emergency medical services (EMS) protocol, they placed him on nasal prongs under a surgical mask at 5 L/min and his oxygen saturation improved to 86%.

  • Cause and effect: A universal nonlinearity principle

  • Paul Atkinson
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine / Volume 22 / Issue 2 / March 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    25 March 2020, pp. 139-141
    Print publication:
    March 2020
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  • Just the facts: Pediatric Dental and Oral Injuries

  • Aaron K. Sibley, Paul Atkinson, Kevin Lobay
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine / Volume 22 / Issue 1 / January 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    15 November 2019, pp. 23-26
    Print publication:
    January 2020
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  • A 16-month-old presents to the emergency department (ED) after a fall while running at home. Her mother noted some blood in the child's mouth and believed there was a tear in the skin above the front teeth.

  • Do combined ultrasound and electrocardiogram-rhythm findings predict survival in emergency department cardiac arrest patients? The Second Sonography in Hypotension and Cardiac Arrest in the Emergency Department (SHoC-ED2) study

  • Nicole Beckett, Paul Atkinson, Jacqueline Fraser, Ankona Banerjee, James French, Jo-Ann Talbot, George Stoica, David Lewis
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine / Volume 21 / Issue 6 / November 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 September 2019, pp. 739-743
    Print publication:
    November 2019
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  • Objectives

    Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is used increasingly during resuscitation. The aim of this study was to assess whether combining POCUS and electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm findings better predicts outcomes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the emergency department (ED).

    Methods

    We completed a health records review on ED cardiac arrest patients who underwent POCUS. Primary outcome measurements included return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival to hospital admission, and survival to hospital discharge.

    Results

    POCUS was performed on 180 patients; 45 patients (25.0%; 19.2%–31.8%) demonstrated cardiac activity on initial ECG, and 21 (11.7%; 7.7%–17.2%) had cardiac activity on initial POCUS; 47 patients (26.1%; 20.2%–33.0%) achieved ROSC, 18 (10.0%; 6.3%–15.3%) survived to admission, and 3 (1.7%; 0.3%–5.0%) survived to hospital discharge. As a predictor of failure to achieve ROSC, ECG had a sensitivity of 82.7% (95% CI 75.2%–88.7%) and a specificity of 46.8% (32.1%–61.9%). Overall, POCUS had a higher sensitivity of 96.2% (91.4%–98.8%) but a similar specificity of 34.0% (20.9%–49.3%). In patients with ECG-asystole, POCUS had a sensitivity of 98.18% (93.59%–99.78%) and a specificity of 16.00% (4.54%–36.08%). In patients with pulseless electrical activity, POCUS had a sensitivity of 86.96% (66.41%–97.22%) and a specificity of 54.55% (32.21%–75.61%). Similar patterns were seen for survival to admission and discharge. Only 0.8% (0.0–4.7%) of patients with ECG-asystole and standstill on POCUS survived to hospital discharge.

    Conclusion

    The absence of cardiac activity on POCUS, or on both ECG and POCUS together, better predicts negative outcomes in cardiac arrest than ECG alone. No test reliably predicted survival.

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