Detailed imaging and spectroscopic analysis of the centers of nearby S0 and spiral galaxies shows the existence of “composite bulges”, where both classical bulges and disky pseudobulges coexist in the same galaxy. As part of a search for supermassive black holes in nearby galaxy nuclei, we obtained VLT-SINFONI observations in adaptive-optics mode of several of these galaxies. Schwarzschild dynamical modeling enables us to disentangle the stellar orbital structure of the different central components, and to distinguish the differing contributions of kinematically hot (classical bulge) and kinematically cool (pseudobulge) components in the same galaxy.

Calcium phosphate (CaP) materials are commonly used in bone tissue engineering applications since they closely resemble the chemistry of bone and teeth. The inorganic component of mineralized tissue is multiphasic in nature-thus to better replicate those tissues, CaP materials should also be multiphasic. Combustion synthesis is a process that creates multiphasic CaP (HCaP) with low energy input over a relatively short time. The structure and chemistry of HCaP synthesized via auto-ignition combustion synthesis (AICS) varies greatly with respect to structural hydration. Product hydration was accomplished by modifying hydrogen and oxygen content in the combustion reaction by changing the amount of fuel, urea [ ] pre-reaction, and heating or sintering products post-reaction. The reaction equation for this specific system is given below. Calcium nitrate [ ], and ammonium nitrate [ ] are the components that form HCaP. Urea acts as an ignition source and fuel. Changes in the amount of urea dictate the amount of excess hydrogen to form water within the reaction. Excess products formed include water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Salts of the reactants were mixed with 10 milliliters of de-ionized water in a Pyrex beaker, heated on a hot plate for 20 minutes or until the reactants began to foam, and then placed in a muffle furnace at 1000°C until the foam ignited in a combustion reaction. This was noted by the progression of a combustion wave throughout the foam. Post-AICS, products were heated at 105°C for 8 hours and 24 hours and massed to determine water content of the product. Subsequently, the products were sintered at 1000°C for 8 hours and massed again. The primary products formed using AICS are hydroxyapatite (HA), á-tricalcium calcium phosphate (TCP) and hydrated forms of tricalcium phosphate (HTCP). During low temperature heating, 105°C, water content decreases as time increases and the products began to densify. Initial results indicate that surface porosity decreases during the powder densification. XRD shows that peak intensity increases after low temperature heating, indicating an increase in crystallinity and grain orientation. XRD confirms that both crystalline and amorphous phases occur in the hydroxyapatite (HA), á-TCP and HTCP products. The amount of structural hydration has an effect on CaP, and these effects are noted by an increase in density and decrease in porosity as structurally bound water is removed from the system. Future research will be dedicated to determining hydration ratio (amount of urea in the reaction to the amount of water within the products) and a Ca:P ratio that result in optimal powder porosity, ductility and grain size generating a multiphasic HCaP implant biomaterial that accurately replicates natural bony tissue.

Since the Green Revolution, the public-sector's agricultural research strategy for increasing food crop productivity has been explicitly based on the premise that technology can cross political and agro-climatic boundaries, primarily through the ‘training and visit’ system of extension (also known as ‘transfer of technology’ and the ‘pipeline’ model). Today, a different strategy is emerging. Efforts to develop the necessary institutional capacity for more client-oriented participatory research, particularly in plant breeding, are now a central part of the public-sector agricultural research strategy. Greater use of participatory and gender-analysis approaches in agricultural research has significant conceptual and methodological implications for impact assessment and institutional learning.

Site-specific, risk-adjusted incidence rates of intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infections were obtained through standardized surveillance in 8 ICUs in Greece. High rates were observed for central line-associated bloodstream infection (12.1 infections per 1,000 device-days) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (12.5 infections per 1,000 device-days). Gram-negative microorganisms accounted for 60.4% of the isolates recovered, and Acinetobacter species were predominant. To reduce infection rates in Greek ICUs, comprehensive infection control programs are required.

A high proportion of viable pollen grains must germinate to study the physiology of pollen growth to reduce the confounding effects of environmental influences on pollen germination. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the nuclear state and develop a suitable medium and culture method for in vitro germination of johnsongrass pollen. Johnsongrass pollen was trinucleate, and in vitro tests for pollen viability using Alexander's stain and a fluorochromatic reaction method (FCR) indicated johnsongrass pollen was viable (92.6 to 98.4%). A factorial treatment arrangement of four concentrations of sucrose, two concentrations of boric acid, and two concentrations of calcium nitrate were used to determine the optimum pollen-germination medium composition in suspension culture, agar culture, and cellophane membrane culture. Germination was highest in a suspension culture with a medium containing 0.3 M sucrose, 2.4 mM boric acid, and 3 mM calcium nitrate. Pollen germination using this medium was 78.9% when anthers were harvested just before anthesis.

Bacterial protein synthesis is the target for several classes of established antibiotics. This report describes the characterization of a novel translation inhibitor produced by the soil bacterium Flexibacter. The dipeptide antibiotic TAN1057 A/B was synthesized and designated GS7128. As reported previously, TAN1057 inhibits protein synthesis in both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, leaving transcription unaffected. Cell-free translation systems from E. coli were used to further dissect the mechanism of translational inhibition. Binding of mRNA to ribosomes was unaffected by the drug, whereas the initiation reaction was reduced. Elongation of translation was completely inhibited by GS7128. Detailed analysis showed that the peptidyl transferase reaction was strongly inhibited, whereas tRNA binding to both A- and P-site was unaffected. Selection and analysis of drug-resistant mutants of S. aureus suggests that drug uptake may be mediated by a dipeptide transport mechanism.