The form under which Ti occurs in kaolinitic materials from various environments has been investigated using second derivative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The position of the absorption edge may be used as a diagnostic band to determine Ti-phases (anatase, rutile, Ti-gels). Ti-oxides may be detected in kaolins, down to 0.1 wt. % TiO2. Diffuse reflectance spectra show the presence of Ti-gel-like phases occluded in sedimentary kaolinite particles. These phases, which record conditions at the time of kaolinite growth, constitute the first direct evidence of Ti mobility at the scale of mineral assemblages and question the substitution of Ti for Al in kaolinite. The nature of the Ti-oxides associated with kaolinite particles gives some constraints on the temperature conditions of hydrothermal kaolins, the evolution of sedimentary kaolin during basin diagenesis and the source of parental material in soil kaolins.

Diffuse reflectance spectra of kaolins have been recorded in samples from different environments. They show the systematic presence of Fe-oxides, even in bleached kaolins, with no contribution from the Fe3+ ions substituted in kaolinite. Second derivative spectra of various Fe-phases (hematite, goethite, lepidocrocite, maghemite, akaganeite, ferrihydrite and Fe-polymer) may be differentiated by the position of a diagnostic band corresponding to the 2(6A1) → 2(4T1(4G)) transition. The systematic comparison of diffuse reflectance spectra of unbleached and bleached kaolins has demonstrated the differences between the Fe-oxides occurring as coatings and as occluded phases. The features observed in second derivative spectral curves are consistent with assignments of crystal field transitions to goethite, hematite, akaganeite, and aged hydrous ferric oxides. The optical determination of the Fe-phases associated to kaolins assists in the interpretation of the formation conditions of these minerals.

Alterations of the gut microbiome have been associated with obesity and metabolic disorders. The gut microbiota can be influenced by the intake of dietary fibres with prebiotic properties, such as inulin-type fructans. The present study tested the hypothesis that obese individuals subjected for 12 weeks to an inulin-enriched v. inulin-poor diet have differential faecal fermentation patterns. The fermentation of cellulose and inulin hydrolysates of six different inulin-rich and inulin-poor vegetables of both groups was analysed in vitro on faecal inocula. The results showed that the microbiota from obese patients who received a fructan-rich diet for 3 weeks produces more gas and total SCFA compared with the microbiota taken from the same individuals before the treatment. Obese individuals fed with a low-fructan diet produce less gas and less SCFA compared with the treated group. The present study highlighted profound changes in microbiota fermentation capacity obtained by prebiotic intervention in obese individuals, which favours the production of specific bioactive metabolites.

Seed production of weedy species of Setaria in crops of Zea mays and Glycine max was studied for 2 yr in western Minnesota and eastern South Dakota. Viable seed production was curvilinearly related to panicle length. A 100-mm-long panicle of S. pumila, S. faberi, and S. viridis produced 129, 323, and 851 viable seeds, respectively. Values were consistent across years, crops, and herbicide treatments. Frequency distributions of panicle lengths of all panicles within a population closely followed nonlinear Weibull functions and were stable across years and crops but not species or herbicide treatment. Positive skewness of these distributions decreased, and median panicle size (mm) increased, in the following order: S. viridis (41), S. pumila (52), and S. faberi (78). Postemergence herbicides applied at full label rates increased skewness and reduced median panicle size (to 11 mm) and seed production of S. viridis. Skewness lessens the reliability of using average panicle size as a measure of seed production for the entire population. However, integration of panicle size–frequency and panicle size–fecundity relationships provided estimates of the number of seeds per panicle that were more representative of the population than the statistical average panicle. These estimates were 52, 242, and 246 seeds per panicle for S. pumila, S. viridis, and S. faberi, respectively. Multiplication of these values by panicle densities generated seed production estimates that were similar to actual counts of seeds. Setaria seed production tended to be higher in Z. mays than in G. max only because of higher plant and panicle densities. Early-maturing panicles tended to be larger than those maturing later, but seed viability generally was stable across maturity times.

The Two Micron All-Sky Survey was conceived over a decade ago for the express purpose of mapping the Milky Way and the Universe nearby. 2MASS is now complete and the final data products, including the extended source catalog (XSC), have been released. The XSC contains nearly a million galaxies to the stated completeness goal of K=13.5. While the catalog becomes incomplete at the faintest magnitudes and lowest galactic latitudes due to confusion, at the bright end the catalog is essentially complete down to very low latitudes (b less than 5 degrees), which makes it an excellent survey for the distribution of matter in the nearby Universe. Redshift information is now nearly complete for the 24,000 galaxies brighter than K=11.25 and above |b|=5°. We now have an amazing census of galaxy (baryonic mass) concentrations over the whole sky and inside z=0.04. Several new structures are elucidated and the characteristics of the structures are described. We also examine the match between the predicted gravitational velocity vector of the Local Group and the motions determined by other experiments including the CMB dipole.

Thirty scalp sites were used to investigate the specific topography of the event-related potentials (ERPs) related to face associative priming when masked eyes of familiar faces were completed with either the proper features or incongruent ones. The enhanced negativity of N210 and N350, due to structural incongruity of faces, have a “category specific” inferotemporal localization on the scalp. Additional analyses support the existence of multiple ERP features within the temporal interval typically associated with N400 (N350 and N380), involving occipitotemporal and centroparietal areas. Seven reliable dipole locations have been evidenced using the brain electrical source analysis algorithm. Some of these localizations (fusiform, parahippocampal) are already known to be involved in face recognition, the other ones being related to general cognitive processes related to the task's demand. Because of their specific topography, the observed effects suggest that the face structural congruency process might involve early specialized neocortical areas in parallel with cortical memory circuits in the integration of perceptual and cognitive face processing.

The Quebec Child Mental Health Survey (QCMHS) was conducted in 1992 on a representative sample of 2400 children and adolescents aged 6 to 14 years from throughout Quebec. Prevalences of nine Axis-I DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) mental health disorders were calculated based on each informant (for 6–11-year-olds: child, parent, and teacher; for 12–14-year-olds: child and parent). Informant parallelism allows the classification of results of the demographic variables associated with disorders in the logistic regression models. This strategy applies to group variables (correlates of disorders) whereas informant agreement applies to individual diagnoses. Informant parallelism implies that results for two informants or more are in the same direction and significant. In the QCMHS, informant parallelism exists for disruptive disorders, i.e. in two ADHD regression models (child and parent) higher rates among boys and young children, and in three oppositional/conduct disorders regression models (child, parent, and teacher) higher rates among boys. No informant parallelism is observed in the logistic regression models for internalizing disorders, i.e. the patterns of association of demographic variables with anxiety and depressive disorders vary across informants. Urban-rural residence does not emerge as a significant variable in any of the logistic regression models. The overall 6-month prevalences reach 19.9% according to the parent and 15.8% according to the child. The implications of the results for policy makers and clinicians are discussed.

This paper results from the final phase of the ENDO project (DGXII AIRII-CT94-1095), a European Commission-funded project on non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO). All participants in the programme met to perform a consensus exercise on the possible functional food properties of NDO. Topics studied during the project (including a workshop on probiotics and prebiotics) and related aspects, for which considerable evidence has been generated recently, were evaluated on the basis of existing published scientific evidence. There was a general consensus that: (1) there is strong evidence for a prebiotic effect of NDO in human subjects. A prebiotic effect was defined as a food-induced increase in numbers and/or activity predominantly of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria in the human large intestine; (2) there is strong evidence for the impact that NDO have on bowel habit; (3) there is promising evidence that consumption of inulin-type fructans may result in increased Ca absorption in man; (4) there are preliminary indications that inulin-type fructans interact with the functioning of lipid metabolism; (5) there is preliminary evidence in experimental animals of a preventive effect against colon cancer. Human nutrition studies are needed to substantiate these findings. It was concluded that the nutritional properties of NDO may prove to be a key issue in nutritional research in the future.