Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Search

Refine search

Refine search

Access:
Content type:
Publication date:
Apply
Subject: Show more
Journals Show more
Publishers: Show more
Societies Show more
Series: Show more
Collections: Show more

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

14 results

  • Chapter 5 - Modafinil reversal of cognitive deficits during sleep loss
  • from Section 2 - Stimulant Reversal of Cognitive Deficits
  • Edited by Nancy J. Wesensten
  • Book: Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition
  • Published online: 05 September 2012
  • Print publication: 23 August 2012, pp 58-81
  • View extract

    Summary

    This chapter focuses on the extent to which modafinil sustains/restores various aspects of cognitive performance during sleep deprivation in normal healthy adults. The earliest published studies of modafinil's effects in humans were conducted by Saletu and colleagues, and involved non-sleep-deprived young adult and elderly volunteers. The first published study of modafinil's dose-response effects on cognitive performance during sleep loss was performed at the Defense Research and Development Canada (DRDC) laboratory. The focus of an increasing number of studies is the effect of sleep loss on tasks of executive functioning. Executive functions encompass a wide range of mental abilities including critical reasoning, planning, flexible thinking, and effective judgment. Deficits in one or more of these abilities due to sleep loss and circadian factors are thought to be the underlying cause of mishaps such as Three Mile Island.
  • Section 3 - Alternatives for Sustaining Cognitive Performance During Sleep Loss
  • Edited by Nancy J. Wesensten
  • Book: Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition
  • Published online: 05 September 2012
  • Print publication: 23 August 2012, pp 184-236
  • View extract

    Summary

    This chapter focuses on the biological effects of light on human physiology and behavior with an emphasis on brain arousal. Light exposure may be beneficial in situations where humans are physiologically vulnerable to the effects of sleep loss and circadian misalignment. The influence of light on human physiology and behavior has implications for public health and safety, especially for individuals who are required to maintain alert wakefulness during the biological night-time and for individuals who are required to maintain alertness and performance during periods of sustained wakefulness or restricted sleep. Light provides input for visual image formation and concurrently provides environmental information to modulate the physiology and behaviors collectively referred to as non-image forming (NIF) responses. The chapter reviews the alerting effects of night-time light exposure which are primarily observed during light exposure. Light has also been combined with other wakefulness-promoting countermeasures to enhance performance at night during sleep deprivation.
  • Section 2 - Stimulant Reversal of Cognitive Deficits
  • Edited by Nancy J. Wesensten
  • Book: Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition
  • Published online: 05 September 2012
  • Print publication: 23 August 2012, pp 58-183
  • View extract

    Summary

    This chapter focuses on the extent to which modafinil sustains/restores various aspects of cognitive performance during sleep deprivation in normal healthy adults. The earliest published studies of modafinil's effects in humans were conducted by Saletu and colleagues, and involved non-sleep-deprived young adult and elderly volunteers. The first published study of modafinil's dose-response effects on cognitive performance during sleep loss was performed at the Defense Research and Development Canada (DRDC) laboratory. The focus of an increasing number of studies is the effect of sleep loss on tasks of executive functioning. Executive functions encompass a wide range of mental abilities including critical reasoning, planning, flexible thinking, and effective judgment. Deficits in one or more of these abilities due to sleep loss and circadian factors are thought to be the underlying cause of mishaps such as Three Mile Island.
  • Section 1 - Basic Mechanisms: Cognitive Performance and Sleep
  • Edited by Nancy J. Wesensten
  • Book: Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition
  • Published online: 05 September 2012
  • Print publication: 23 August 2012, pp 1-57
  • View extract

    Summary

    The logic behind sleep deprivation studies is basically sound. The first problem is that sleep is a process that not only occurs in the brain, but is also a process that undoubtedly confers unique benefits to the brain itself. In the parlance familiar to those who are afflicted with a degree in experimental psychology and have thus been subjected to a course in "The Philosophy of Science", the scientific paradigm under which sleep deprivation research is conducted contains some conceptual gaps. The difficulty is as follows: extended continuous wakefulness is an antecedent condition that leads to a predictable, observable outcome: decremented performance. Results from studies conducted to determine the effects of sleep loss on various neurocognitive abilities have proven useful for informing policy, and decision-making in a variety of operational and regulatory environments, and the utilitarian value of such studies for testing work/rest schedules and drug effects remains high.
  • Chapter 18 - Fatigue management: the art of the state
  • from Section 4 - Summary and Conclusions
  • Edited by Nancy J. Wesensten
  • Book: Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition
  • Published online: 05 September 2012
  • Print publication: 23 August 2012, pp 257-267
  • View abstract

    Summary

    Histamine (HA) is a biogenic amine, providing a number of functional roles throughout the body. HA release triggers inflammatory responses as a protective reaction against foreign pathogens. Released from basophils and mast cells in the periphery, HA causes increased vascular permeability and dilation of blood vessels to allow increased fluid infiltration into tissues which in turn induces swelling. Research designed to test the role of HA in mediating central nervous system (CNS) activity demonstrated that HA immunoreactive brain neurons actively fire action potentials and release HA during the wake phase but are essentially silent during sleep, supporting the hypothesis that increased HA tone is related to levels of wakefulness. Results of experiments investigating the effects of HA in the CNS, either through direct injection of HA or through pharmacological inhibition of its synthesis, show that increases in HA are positively correlated with amounts of wakefulness.
  • Section 4 - Summary and Conclusions
  • Edited by Nancy J. Wesensten
  • Book: Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition
  • Published online: 05 September 2012
  • Print publication: 23 August 2012, pp 237-267
  • View extract

    Summary

    Stimulant use has been a feature of some military operations. Caffeine, amphetamines were used by German, British, American, and Japanese forces during WWII, both for their fatigue-ameliorating effects and for their effects on mood and morale. The US Air Force (USAF) officially sanctioned amphetamines to promote alertness in selected aircrew within the Strategic Air Command (SAC) in 1960 and within the Tactical Air Command (TAC) in 1962. The US military maintains a stimulant policy while most of its allies do not allow use of stimulants to maintain/restore performance and manage fatigue. A review of international military service policies reveals a variety of policies on pharmacological fatigue management. Force Health Protection (FHP) is defined specifically as "an organized program of healthcare preventive or therapeutic treatment, or preparations for such treatment, designed to meet the actual, anticipated, or potential needs of a group of military personnel in relation to military missions".
Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition
  • Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition
  • Edited by Nancy J. Wesensten
  • Published online: 05 September 2012
  • Print publication: 23 August 2012
  • View description
    Sleep Deprivation, Stimulant Medications, and Cognition provides a review, synthesis and analysis of the scientific literature concerning stimulant medications and neurobehavioral performance, with an emphasis on critically evaluating the practical utility of these agents for maintaining cognitive performance and alertness in sleep-deprived (but otherwise healthy) individuals. The book explores the nature of sleep loss-induced cognitive deficits, neurophysiologic basis of these deficits, relative efficacy and limitations of various interventions (including non-pharmacological), and implications for applying these interventions in operational environments (commercial and military). Readers of this volume will gain a working knowledge of:Mechanisms contributing to sleep loss-induced cognitive deficits Differential effects of stimulant compounds on various aspects of cognitionConsiderations (such as abuse liability) when applying stimulant interventions in operational settingsCurrent state and future directions for including stimulants in comprehensive fatigue-management strategies. This text is key reading for researchers and trainees in sleep and psychopharmacology.