Despite frequent claims that religion serves as a motivator of political behavior in Muslim-majority contexts, empirical evidence of political messaging in sacred spaces is scant. Building on earlier studies on political messaging in both churches and mosques, we examine the presence and nature of political messages across Muslim and Christian religious contexts in a typical Indonesian city, Yogyakarta. Through an analysis of 71 sermons that took place in mosques and churches prior to elections in 2017 and 2019, we analyze the frequency, style, tone, and consistency of political content. We find that political messages within individual houses of worship were often inconsistent from week to week, reducing their potential as a mobilizing force for political action. We also find that houses of worship frequently sought to present themselves as politically neutral spaces in an electoral context in which religious themes are politicized.

Radiative-magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) equations along with a full set of Maxwell's equations are followed to formulate the charged surface waves at the interface of an incompressible, radiative, magnetized dusty plasma and vacuum, while assuming that the characteristic wave frequency is much smaller than the ion gyrofrequency, having an equilibrium background state. It is found that the separation of charges on the surface is followed by thermal motion, which further leads to a negative pressure gradient normal to the surface, hence the plasma–vacuum interface is under tension due to two different types of oppositely directed pressures. The dusty plasma RMHD set of equations admits a linear dispersion relation of surface Jeans instability of an incompressible dusty plasma, which exhibits a strong coupling between the electron surface charge and dust surface mass densities and we conclude that the surface densities of both electrons and dust as well as the dust inertia play major roles in the gravitational collapse of the surface of astrophysical objects such as stars, galaxies etc. Further, the growth rate of radiative surface waves is found to be function of both the temperature inhomogeneity, appearing due to thermal radiation heat flux, as well as the thermal radiation pressure. The present findings of charged surface waves may seek application at the astroscales.

The microstructure homogeneity and variability in mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel components fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) have been investigated. The crack free, 99.9% dense samples were made starting from SS316L alloy powder, and the melt pool morphology was analysed using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Extremely fast cooling rates after laser melting/solidification process, accompanied by slow diffusion of alloying elements, produced characteristic microstructures with colonies of cellular substructure inside grains, grown along the direction of the principal thermal gradient during laser scanning. In some areas of the microstructure, a significant number of precipitates were observed inside grains and at grain boundaries. Micro hardness measurements along the build direction revealed slight but gradual increase in hardness along the sample height. Uniaxial tensile tests of as manufactured samples showed the effect of un-melted areas causing scatter in room-temperature mechanical properties of samples extracted from the same SLM build. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) varied from 458MPa to 509MPa along with a variation in uniform elongation from 3.3% to 14.4%. The UTS of a sample exposed to the Cl- rich corrosion environment at 46oC temperature revealed a similar strength as of the original sample, indicating good corrosion resistance of SLM samples under those corrosion conditions.

Fungus-growing termites (Macrotermitinae) are important pests in tropical countries. They are difficult to control with existing baiting methods, as chitin synthesis inhibitors are not effectual as active ingredients. We tested two neurotoxins, fipronil and imidacloprid, as potential bait active ingredients against Macrotermes gilvus (Hagen) in Singapore. In laboratory bioassays, M. gilvus showed no preference for doses of 0–64 ppm fipronil, or for doses of 0–250 ppm imidacloprid, indicating no repellence. We tested each insecticide in toilet paper as a bait matrix in a field experiment. After 28 days, termites had eaten 5–13% of the fipronil treated toilet paper, abandoned bait and monitoring stations, contacted no new stations, and repaired poorly their experimentally damaged mounds. Termites ate no imidacloprid treated toilet paper, abandoned bait stations although contacted new stations, and repaired fully their damaged mounds. Termites ate 60–70% of the control toilet paper, remained in bait stations, and fully repaired damaged mounds. After 56 days, all five fipronil colonies were eliminated, whereas all of the imidacloprid and control colonies were healthy. The results suggest that fipronil could be an effective active ingredient in bait systems for fungus-growing termites in tropical countries.

Cholera is an important public health problem in Bangladesh. Interventions to prevent cholera depend on their cost-effectiveness which in turn depends on cholera incidence. Hospital-based diarrhoeal disease surveillance has been ongoing in six Bangladeshi hospitals where a systematic proportion of patients admitted with diarrhoea were enrolled and tested for Vibrio cholerae. However, incidence calculation using only hospital data underestimates the real disease burden because many ill persons seek treatment elsewhere. We conducted a healthcare utilization survey in the catchment areas of surveillance hospitals to estimate the proportion of severe diarrhoeal cases that were admitted to surveillance hospitals and estimated the population-based incidence of severe diarrhoea due to V. cholerae by combining both hospital surveillance and catchment area survey data. The estimated incidence of severe diarrhoea due to cholera ranged from 0·3 to 4·9/1000 population in the catchment area of surveillance hospitals. In children aged <5 years, incidence ranged from 1·0 to 11·0/1000 children. Diarrhoeal deaths were most common in the Chhatak Hospital's catchment area (18·5/100 000 population). This study provides a credible estimate of the incidence of severe diarrhoea due to cholera in Bangladesh, which can be used to assess the cost-effectiveness of cholera prevention activities.

The world poultry industry is under great stress due to parasitic diseases; coccidiosis being one which is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide. In 1948 the first research paper was published about the treatment of coccidiosis with sulphaquinoxaline. After six decades, researcher's attention has focused on DNA vaccination, especially as certain anticoccidials have failed due to drug resistance and residues. Thus far vaccination is partially successful but is accompanied by disadvantages: e.g. instability, inferiority control, cost-effectiveness, and inefficiency in opposition to a large number of coccidian strains which are prevalent in different geographical areas. Due to developments whereby genetically engineered DNA can be administered in vaccine form to provoke cellular and humoral immune responses; there has been huge development in the practical application of this field. In the last decade a number of DNA vaccines employing different strategies have been tested to produce appropriate immune responses against coccidiosis. The DNA fragments taken from all the four important species, E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. maxima and E. acervulina were able to provoke appropriate immune responses against challenging infections with homologous species; however, most of them were not able to provoke a response with heterologous infection. The shared DNA antigen in two different species of Eimeria; E. tenella and E. acervulina was able to produce sufficient immune responses, not only against these species but also against E. necatrix, but not against E. maxima. E. maximum is the biggest and most complex of all the seven species and it has come ahead as a challenge for DNA vaccine researchers.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anticoccidial effect of different concentrations of the herbal complex of 4 plants (leaves of Azadirachta indica and Nicotiana tabacum, flowers of Calotropis procera and seeds of Trachyspermum ammi) in broiler chickens in comparison with amprolium anticoccidial. Three concentrations (2 g, 4 g and 6 g) of herbal complex were given to the experimental groups once a day and amprolium (at the dose rate of 125 ppm) was given orally in drinking water from the 14th to the 21st days of age. One group was kept as infected, non-medicated control and one as non-infected, non-medicated control. All groups were inoculated orally with 75 000 sporulated oocysts on the 14th day of age except the non-infected, non-medicated control. Among herbal complex medicated groups, the maximum anticoccidial effect was seen in the group medicated with 6 g herbal complex followed by 4 g and 2 g herbal complex medicated groups. Treatment with 6 g of the herbal complex significantly reduced the negative performance and pathogenic effects associated with Eimeria tenella challenge at a level that was comparable with amprolium when using a largely susceptible recent field isolate. In summary, concentration-dependent anticoccidial activity of the studied herbal complex suggests its use as an alternative anticoccidial agent to chemotherapeutic drugs for Eimeria tenella control.

During epidemics of cholera in two rural sites (Bakerganj and Mathbaria), a much higher proportion of patients came for treatment with severe dehydration than was seen in previous years. V. cholerae O1 isolated from these patients was found to be El Tor in its phenotype, but its cholera toxin (CT) was determined to be that of classical biotype. Whether the observed higher proportion of severe dehydration produced by the El Tor biotype was due to a shift from El Tor to classical CT or due to other factors is not clear. However, if cholera due to strains with increased severity spread to other areas where treatment facilities are limited, there are likely to be many more cholera deaths.

Cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. The identity of cell surface molecules on parasitized erythrocytes involved in cytoadherence is of great interest to understand the molecular basis of this mechanism. Peptide sequences derived from exofacial loops of the erythrocyte antigen band 3 from parasitized erythrocytes have previously been shown to inhibit cytoadherence. We now report that a non-repeated region of Pf155/RESA (residues 213–218) contains a hexapeptide motif being highly homologous to cytoadherence inhibitory sequences from band 3. Synthetic peptides containing the hexapeptide motif of Pf155/RESA inhibited the binding of P.falciparum-infected erythrocytes to melanoma cells in vitro. Furthermore, individuals residing in malaria-endemic areas have antibodies reactive with epitopes involving these motifs in band 3 and in Pf155/RESA.

We investigate the implosion of a dense τ-pinch plasma driven by an annular finite-thickness gas-puff Z-pinch. The imploding Z-pinch traps an axial magnetic field Bz, compressing it to large values in an extremely short time. The temporal variation of Bz then induces an azimuthal τ current on the surface of a fibre placed on the axis, with a rise time an order of magnitude shorter than the rise time of the Z-pinch current. Our numerical results demonstrate that, for a thick gas-puff layer, maximum compression occurs before the current peaks.We also find that at peak compression, fuel densities of the order of 1025 cm-3 and temperatures above 10 keV can be achieved on a time scale of the order of 0.1 ns. Thus a Lawson parameter nτ ≈ 1014 s cm-3 for a DT fibre becomes achievable. The snowplough effect in the Z-pinch exercises a stabilization effect on the growth of sausage and Rayleigh—Taylor instabilities. In the limit of a very thin gas-puff layer, previous results are fully recovered.

The terms ‘conversion’, ‘hysteria’ and ‘conversion hysteria’ were used interchangeably to describe a condition characterised by a single somatised symptom, often pseudo-neurological in nature. DSM–III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980) expanded the concept of conversion to generalised symptoms involving loss or alteration of physical functioning suggestive of a physical disorder, along with a clinical indication that the conversion was an expression of psychological conflict or need. The type of symptom or deficit should be specified as: with motor symptom or deficit, with sensory symptom or deficit, with seizure or convulsions, or with mixed presentation (Kaplan & Sadock, 2004).

X-ray diffraction with hard X-rays (E = 70 keV) was used to investigate the grain nucleation and grain growth during solidification of a grain refined Al-0.3Ti-0.02B (wt.%) alloy. The investigations showed for the first time the nucleation profile during solidification and how nucleation rate increases with cooling rate. The results indicate that the nucleation process is complete for solid fraction below 30 %, irrespective of the cooling rate. This is explained in terms of the release of latent heat during solidification. The growth of individual aluminium grains during solidification is experimentally observed and compared to model predictions for the diffusion limited grain growth. The experimental results are only in agreement with the theory in the first stage of the transformation. The difference between the experiment and the theory is discussed qualitatively.

To date there have been few reports on the impact of dietary intervention on the clinical course of acute shigellosis. Current management of acute shigellosis is primarily focused on antibiotic therapy with less emphasis on nutritional management. In a randomised clinical trial, we examined the role of an energy-dense diet on the clinical outcome in malnourished children with acute dysentery due to shigellosis. Seventy-five children aged 12–48 months with acute dysentery randomly received either a milk–cereal formula with an energy density of 4960 kJ/l (test group) or a milk–cereal formula with energy of 2480 kJ/l (control group) for 10 d in hospital. In both milk–cereal formulas, protein provided 11 % energy. In addition, the standard hospital diet was offered to all children and all children received an appropriate antibiotic for 5 d. The mean food intakes (g/kg per d) in the test and control groups were: 112 (SE 2·28) AND 116 (se 3·48) (P=0·16) on day 1; 118 (se 2·72) and 107 (se 3·13) (P=0·04) on day 5; 120 (se 2·25) and 100 (se 3·83) (P=0·04) on day 10. The mean energy intakes (kJ/kg per d) in the test and control groups respectively were: 622 (se 13·2) and 315 (se 11·3) (P<0·05) on day 1; 655 (se 15·1) and 311 (se 7·98) (P<0·05) on day 5; 672 (se 14·7) and 294 (se 11·1) (P<0·05) on day 10. The food and energy intakes were mostly from the milk–cereal diet. There was no difference between two groups in resolution of fever, dysenteric (bloody and or mucoid) stools, stool frequency and tenesmus. However, vomiting was more frequently observed among the test-group children during the first 5 d of intervention (67 % v. 41 %, P=0·04). There was an increase in the mean weight-for-age (%) in the test group compared with the control group after the 10 d of dietary intervention (6·2 (se 0·6) v. 2·7 (se 0·4), P<0·01). In addition, resolution of rectal prolapse was better (26 % v. 8 %, P=0·04) in the test group v. control group after 5 d, and 13 % v. 6 %, (P=0·08) after 10 d of dietary intervention. Supplementation with a high-energy diet does not have any adverse effect on clinical course of acute shigellosis and reduces the incidence of rectal prolapse in malnourished children.

High levels of soil aluminium place serious constraints on wheat production on acidic soils, especially in the tropical areas of Africa and South America. Conventional plant breeding has improved the tolerance of the wheat crop, but available genetic variation is limited. The wild relatives of wheat provide a valuable gene pool for the introduction of further genetic variation. One wild species, Aegilops uniaristata Vis. (2n=2x=14,NN), is being utilized as a new source of tolerance. Of the addition lines of individual N genome chromosomes of A. uniaristata to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which have been established and characterized, chromosome 3N has been shown to confer tolerance to wheat. The three substitution lines in which 3N replaces the homoeologous wheat chromosomes, 3A, 3B or 3D, have also been produced. Growing plants to maturity in a low pH/high Al hydroponics system confirmed that chromosome 3N conferred tolerance to the substitution lines as well as to the addition line. By manipulating the genetic control of homoeologous chromosome pairing, chromosome 3N is being recombined with its wheat homoeologues in order to introduce a smaller alien segment which carries the gene(s) for tolerance but not the agronomically unacceptable brittle rachis gene also carried on chromosome 3N.

The chronic, recrudescent nature of malaria has been linked to antigenic diversity of the parasite in which protective immunity against Plasmodium falciparum may be obtained after repeated exposure to infection during a long time. In this study we show that parasite populations with decreased sensitivity to antibody-mediated growth inhibition are readily generated in vitro. A laboratory strain, F32, was cultured for long periods (10–12 weeks) in the presence of suboptimal inhibitory antibody concentrations. The antibodies used were the human monoclonal antibody 33G2 reacting with a linear epitope of the P. falciparum blood-stage antigen 332 and rabbit antibodies to repeat sequences of the blood-stage antigen Pf155/RESA. Our data indicate that the P. falciparum parasites adapt to antibody pressure as reflected by their specifically decreased sensitivity to growth inhibition. A relative resistance of the parasite to growth inhibition mediated by the antibodies used in the culture developed successively, while the parasite remained sensitive to growth inhibition by other antibodies. When the antibody pressure was removed a successive return of sensitivity to growth inhibition developed. Immunofluorescence did not reveal any significant difference in antigen expression between the parasite populations. However, PCR analysis showed that a new population appeared in the parasites grown in the presence of mAb 33G2, while no such change was detected in those grown in the presence of the rabbit antibodies. Our data suggest that the specific decrease in sensitivity to growth inhibition may either be due to down-regulation of antigen synthesis or expression by antibody pressure or, that antibody pressure selects for parasites with low expression of a specific antigen from a heterogeneous parasite population.