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6 results

  • Comparison of risk factors for the onset and maintenance of depression

  • Christian Bottomley, Irwin Nazareth, Francisco Torres-González, Igor Švab, Heidi-Ingrid Maaroos, Mirjam I. Geerlings, Miguel Xavier, Sandra Saldivia, Michael King
  • Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 196 / Issue 1 / January 2010
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018, pp. 13-17
  • Print publication: January 2010
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  • Background

    Factors associated with depression are usually identified from cross-sectional studies.

    Aims

    We explore the relative roles of onset and recovery in determining these associations.

    Method

    Hazard ratios for onset and recovery were estimated for 39 risk factors from a cohort study of 10 045 general practice attendees whose depression status was assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months.

    Results

    Risk factors have a stronger relative effect on the rate of onset than recovery. The strongest risk factors for both onset and maintenance of depression tend to be time-dependent. With the exception of female gender the strength of a risk factor's effect on onset is highly predictive of its impact on recovery.

    Conclusions

    Preventive measures will achieve a greater reduction in the prevalence of depression than measures designed to eliminate risk factors post onset. The strength of time-dependent risk factors suggests that it is more productive to focus on proximal rather than distal factors.

  • Chapter 24 - Endogenous estradiol and dementia in elderly men: the roles of vascular risk, sex hormone binding globulin, and aromatase activity

  • from Section 5 - Testosterone, estradiol and men, and sex hormone binding globulin
  • Edited by Eef Hogervorst, Loughborough University, Victor W. Henderson, Stanford University, California, Robert B. Gibbs, University of Pittsburgh, Roberta Diaz Brinton, University of Southern California
  • Book: Hormones, Cognition and Dementia
  • Published online: 06 July 2010
  • Print publication: 24 September 2009, pp 228-241

  • Summary

    Editors' introduction

    In elderly men as in elderly women, endogenous estradiol may play an important role in age-related cognitive impairment. To explore the relation between estradiol, cognition, dementia, and cerebral atrophy, Muller and Geerlings performed a systematic literature review. In their review, the authors found that most studies in elderly men do not report significant associations between estradiol levels and cognitive performance, cognitive decline, dementia, or brain atrophy. Some studies, however, do imply that higher estradiol levels are potentially detrimental, although to the extent that a relation may exist, the magnitude of risk is likely small. Given the long preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is difficult to infer causality, even in longitudinal studies with long follow-up. Muller and Geerling indicated that the relation between estradiol and vascular risk merits further study with respect to AD. In addition, they provide evidence that sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels and aromatase activity are relevant to questions of AD pathogenesis.

  • Prevalence of common mental disorders in general practice attendees across Europe

  • Michael King, Irwin Nazareth, Gus Levy, Carl Walker, Richard Morris, Scott Weich, Juan Ángel Bellón-Saameño, Berta Moreno, Igor Švab, Danica Rotar, J. Rifel, Heidi-Ingrid Maaroos, Anu Aluoja, Ruth Kalda, Jan Neeleman, Mirjam I. Geerlings, Miguel Xavier, Manuel Caldas de Almeida, Bernardo Correa, Francisco Torres-Gonzalez
  • Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 192 / Issue 5 / May 2008
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018, pp. 362-367
  • Print publication: May 2008
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  • Background

    There is evidence that the prevalence of common mental disorders varies across Europe.

    Aims

    To compare prevalence of common mental disorders in general practice attendees in six European countries.

    Method

    Unselected attendees to general practices in the UK, Spain, Portugal, Slovenia, Estonia and The Netherlands were assessed for major depression, panic syndrome and other anxiety syndrome. Prevalence of DSM–IV major depression, other anxiety syndrome and panic syndrome was compared between the UK and other countries after taking account of differences in demographic factors and practice consultation rates.

    Results

    Prevalence was estimated in 2344 men and 4865 women. The highest prevalence for all disorders occurred in the UK and Spain, and lowest in Slovenia and The Netherlands. Men aged 30–50 and women aged 18–30 had the highest prevalence of major depression; men aged 40–60 had the highest prevalence of anxiety, and men and women aged 40–50 had the highest prevalence of panic syndrome. Demographic factors accounted for the variance between the UK and Spain but otherwise had little impact on the significance of observed country differences.

    Conclusions

    These results add to the evidence for real differences between European countries in prevalence of psychological disorders and show that the burden of care on general practitioners varies markedly between countries.