Precolumbian Maya graffiti is challenging to document because it is complex, multilayered, and difficult to see with the naked eye. In the Maya Lowlands, precolumbian graffiti occurs as etched palimpsests on parts of substructures such as stucco walls of residences, palaces, and temples that are frequently only accessible through dark and narrow tunnel excavations. Experienced iconographers or epigraphers with advanced drawing skills are the most qualified researchers to accurately record, analyze, and interpret precolumbian Maya graffiti. Because these scholars have a vast knowledge of conventions and styles from multiple time periods and sites, they are less likely to document the complex and seemingly chaotic incisions incorrectly. But as with many specialists in Maya archaeology, iconographers and epigraphers are not always available to collaborate in the field. This raises the question, how might an archaeologist without advanced training in iconography accurately record graffiti in subterranean excavations? Advances in digital applications of archaeological field recording have opened new avenues for documenting graffiti. One of these is Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI), a method that uses a moving light source and photography in order to visualize, interact with, and analyze a three-dimensional object in a two-dimensional image. With practice, RTI images can easily be produced in the field and later shared with specialists for the purposes of analysis and interpretation. Performed on a series of 20 unique graffiti from the Maya archaeological site of Holtun (two examples are presented here), RTI shows promise as a viable technique for documenting and preserving graffiti as cultural heritage.

The adsorption of 13C-labeled benzene on imogolite has been studied on samples which had been evacuated and then heated to remove water below their decomposition point. After adsorption of labeled benzene, the samples were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance using non-spinning techniques. The results show that benzene can occupy more than one pore type and that water does not displace benzene from the intra-tube pores at atmospheric pressure. A further finding is that there are at least two types of adsorbed benzene in so called inter-tube pores, one of which is more rigidly held than that in intratube pores. The presence of disordered materials at the edge of pores could also play a role in altering the pore mouth thereby creating new types of pores. Moreover, where two tubes do not pack properly, space might be created where an adsorbed molecule may bind more tightly than expected in a conventional pore.

This essay recovers the newspaper writings of the Omaha journalist Susette Bright Eyes La Flesche as the first Indigenous woman to publish about the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre. Her eyewitness accounts challenge mainstream histories of the massacre that focus largely on frontier violence and Indigenous death by rewriting Wounded Knee as a place of Indigenous resilience and of an Indigenous community bound together by the rights and responsibilities of kinship. By prioritizing the stories of surviving Indigenous women and girls, Bright Eyes's reporting speaks to and becomes a precedent for ongoing acts and discourses of Indigenous activism, feminism, resurgence, and self-determination.

A canonical genealogy of artificial intelligence must include technologies and data being built with, for and from animals. Animal identification using forms of electronic monitoring and digital management began in the 1970s. Early data innovations comprised RFID tags and transponders that were followed by digital imaging and computer vision. Initially applied in the 1980s for agribusiness to identify meat products and to classify biosecurity data for animal health, yet computer vision is interlaced in subtler ways with commercial pattern recognition systems to monitor and track people in public spaces. As such this paper explores a set of managerial projects in Australian agriculture connected to computer vision and machine learning tools that contribute to dual-use. Herein, ‘the cattle crush’ is positioned as a pivotal space for animal bodies to be interrogated by AI imaging, digitization and data transformation with forms of computational and statistical analysis. By disentangling the kludge of numbering, imaging and classifying within precision agriculture the paper highlights a computational transference of techniques between species, institutional settings and domains that is relevant to regulatory considerations for AI development. The paper posits how a significant sector of data innovation – concerning uses on animals – may tend to evade some level of regulatory and ethical scrutiny afforded to human spaces and settings, and as such afford optimisation of these systems beyond our recognition.

Background: Reflexive urine culturing, a strategy wherein urine cultures are only performed on samples with pyuria, is increasingly being used to reduce unnecessary urine cultures, healthcare costs, and inappropriate antibiotics. To support implementation of a reflexive urine-culture order for pediatric patients aged <18 years, we assessed the proportion of urine cultures that would be avoided with reflexive urine culturing, and we calculated the sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of the ≥10 white blood cells (WBC) per high-powered field (HPF) threshold for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTI) in patients aged <18 years who presented to the pediatric emergency department (ED). Methods: A retrospective review of patients <18 years with a urine culture performed from January to May 2022 in an urban, tertiary-care, pediatric ED was performed. A positive urine culture was defined as ≥50,000 CFU/mL for catheterized specimens and ≥100,000 CFU/mL for clean-catch or unspecified specimens. Pyuria was defined as ≥10 WBC/HPF. ‘True UTI’ was defined as a positive urine culture with a consistent clinical presentation (eg, fever or dysuria). Sensitivity, specificity, and NPV were calculated using the pyuria threshold of ≥10WBC/HPF compared to the gold standard of a ‘true UTI.’ Results: During the study period, 658 patients aged <18 years had urine cultures sent, of which 46 (7%) were positive. In all, 407 urine cultures (61.9%) were obtained by clean catch, 233 (35.4%) were obtained by urethral catheterization, 2 (0.3%) were obtained by Foley catheter, and 16 (2.4%) were unspecified. Among the 46 positive cultures, 32 (69.6%) had ≥10 WBC/HPF, and 55 (9.0%) of 612 negative cultures had ≥10 WBC/HPF. Of the 14 patients with positive urine cultures without pyuria, 8 had a contaminated sample or asymptomatic bacteriuria, 3 had urologic abnormalities, and 3 were infants aged <3 months. Of the 14 patients, 3 (21.4%) had a consistent clinical presentation for UTI and were treated with antibiotics: 2 were infants aged <3 months and 1 had urologic abnormalities. Using the ≥10 WBC/HPF threshold compared to ‘true UTI,’ sensitivity was 91.4%, specificity was 91.5%, positive predictive value was 36%, and NPV was 99.5%. Sensitivity and NPV increased to 100% when infants aged <3 months and urologic patients with positive urine culture were excluded. We estimated a cost saving of ~$200,000 had reflexive testing been in place. Conclusions: A reflexive urine culture for specimens with ≥10 WBC/HPF would have reduced the number of urine cultures substantially because 571 (86.8%) of 658 urine cultures would not have been performed. To prevent missed diagnoses of UTI, infants aged <3 months and children with urologic abnormalities should be excluded from this diagnostic stewardship intervention.

Disclosures: None

Many factors affect patient outcome after congenital heart surgery, including the complexity of the heart disease, pre-operative status, patient specific factors (prematurity, nutritional status and/or presence of comorbid conditions or genetic syndromes), and post-operative residual lesions. The Residual Lesion Score is a novel tool for assessing whether specific residual cardiac lesions after surgery have a measurable impact on outcome. The goal is to understand which residual lesions can be tolerated and which should be addressed prior to leaving the operating room. The Residual Lesion Score study is a large multicentre prospective study designed to evaluate the association of Residual Lesion Score to outcomes in infants undergoing surgery for CHD. This Pediatric Heart Network and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded study prospectively enrolled 1,149 infants undergoing 5 different congenital cardiac surgical repairs at 17 surgical centres. Given the contribution of echocardiographic measurements in assigning the Residual Lesion Score, the Residual Lesion Score study made use of a centralised core lab in addition to site review of all data. The data collection plan was designed with the added goal of collecting image quality information in a way that would permit us to improve our understanding of the reproducibility, variability, and feasibility of the echocardiographic measurements being made. There were significant challenges along the way, including the coordination, de-identification, storage, and interpretation of very large quantities of imaging data. This necessitated the development of new infrastructure and technology, as well as use of novel statistical methods. The study was successfully completed, but the size and complexity of the population being studied and the data being extracted required more technologic and human resources than expected which impacted the length and cost of conducting the study. This paper outlines the process of designing and executing this complex protocol, some of the barriers to implementation and lessons to be considered in the design of future studies.

This paper considers the structure and priorities of the Carthaginian state in its imperial endeavours in both North Africa and across the Mediterranean, focusing especially on the well-documented period of the Punic Wars (264–146 BC.). It suggests that Carthaginian constitutional structures, in particular the split between civil shofetim (‘judges’) and military rabbim (‘generals’), impacted the strategic outlook and marginal bellicosity of the city, making it less competitive against its primary peer-rival in the Western Mediterranean, Rome.

Coarse spatial resolution in gridded precipitation datasets, reanalysis, and climate model outputs restricts their ability to characterize the localized extreme rain events and limits the use of the coarse resolution information for local to regional scale climate management strategies. Deep learning models have recently been developed to rapidly downscale the coarse resolution precipitation to the high local scale resolution at a much lower cost than dynamic downscaling. However, these existing super-resolution deep learning modeling studies have not rigorously evaluated the model’s skill in producing fine-scale spatial variability, particularly over topographic features. These current deep-learning models also have difficulty predicting the complex spatial structure of extreme events. Here, we develop a model based on super-resolution deconvolution neural network (SRDN) to downscale the hourly precipitation and evaluate the predictions. We apply three versions of the SRDN model: (a) SRDN (no orography), (b) SRDN-O (orography only at final resolution enhancement), and (c) SRDN-SO (orography at each step of resolution enhancement). We assess the ability of SRDN-based models to reproduce the fine-scale spatial variability and compare it with the previously used deep learning model (DeepSD). All the models are trained and tested using the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) data to perform a 100 to 12.5 km of hourly precipitation downscaling over the Australian region. We found that SRDN-based models, including orography, deliver better fine-scale spatial structures of both climatology and extremes, and significantly improved the deep-learning downscaling. The SRDN-SO model performs well both qualitatively and quantitatively in reconstructing the fine-scale spatial variability of climatology and rainfall extremes over complex orographic regions.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: As hospitals across the nation respond to the need to address community violence, there is a dearth of Hospital-based Violence Intervention Programs (HVIPs) in the South despite having disproportionate rates. This research aims to identify key factors and strategies for implementation of an HVIP among rural patient populations in a southern state. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with medical providers, social service organizations, and patients transferred from four high-risk rural areas in Arkansas. Data will be analyzed using Framework Analysis, a rapid analysis approach involving framework development, code application, impactful statement identification, and content analysis. Evidence- Based Quality Improvement (EBQI), a group consensus making process, will be conducted to identify key implementation strategies and factors to adapt based interview findings. Priority areas for adaptation will be identified via systematic rating. The EBQI team, including researchers and key rural stakeholders will engage in a series of discussion, vote on final strategies, and develop a guide for future HVIP implementation and pilot testing. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Findings from this study will result in a prioritized list of barriers and facilitators across sample groups. Factors will be rated by level of importance. Cluster maps will display the relationships among factors. Go and no-go zones will be identified based on importance and feasibility. Implementation strategies will be mapped to barriers and facilitators. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The findings will result in a culturally and geographically relevant HVIP model and package of implementation strategies to test in future hybrid trials (feasibility pilot & multi-site RCT); and shape the future of violence prevention efforts in healthcare settings across the rural South.

Intensive agricultural crop production is typically associated with low biodiversity. Low biodiversity is associated with a deficit of ecosystem services, which may limit crop yield (e.g., low pollination of insect-pollinated crops) at the individual field level or exacerbate the landscape-level impacts of intensive agriculture. To increase biodiversity and enhance ecosystem services with minimal loss of crop production area, farmers can plant desirable non-crop species near crop fields. Adoption of this practice is limited by inefficiencies in existing establishment methods. We have developed a novel seed-molding method allowing non-crop species to be planted with a conventional corn (Zea mays L.) planter, reducing labor and capital costs associated with native species establishment. Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) was selected as a model native species, because Asclepias plants are the sole food source for monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) larvae. Stratified A. syriaca seeds were added to a mixture of binder (maltodextrin) and filler (diatomaceous earth and wood flour) materials in a 3D-printed mold with the dimensions of a corn seed. The resulting Multi-Seed Zea Pellets (MSZP), shaped like corn seeds, were tested against non-pelleted A. syriaca seeds in several indoor and outdoor pot experiments. Molding into MSZP did not affect percent emergence or time to emergence from a 2-cm planting depth. Intraspecific competition among seedlings that emerged from an MSZP did not differ from competition among seedlings that emerged from a cluster of non-pelleted seeds. These findings demonstrate the potential of MSZP technology as a precise and efficient method for increasing agroecosystem biodiversity.

We describe the management of two linked severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreaks, predominantly amongst 18–35-year-olds, in a UK county in July-to-September 2021, following the lifting of national coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated social restrictions. One was associated with a nightclub and one with five air force bases. On week beginning 2nd August 2021, air force contact tracing teams detected 68 cases across five bases within one county; 21 (30.9%) were associated with a night-time economy venue, 13 (19.1%) with night-time economy venues in the county's main town and at least one case per base (n = 6, 8.8%) with a particular nightclub in this town, which itself had been associated with 302 cases in the previous week (coinciding with its reopening following a national lockdown). In response, Public Health England/United Kingdom Health Security Agency, air force and local authority teams collaboratively implemented communication strategies and enhanced access to SARS-CoV-2 testing and vaccination. Key challenges included attempting to encourage behaviours that reduce likelihood of transmission to a population who may have considered themselves at low risk from severe COVID-19. This report may inform future preparation for, and management of, easing of potential future pandemic-related social restrictions, and how an outbreak in this context may be addressed.

Exertional syncope has been suggested to correlate with a cardiac aetiology, particularly when occurring in mid-stride. The aim of the study is to evaluate the incidence of cardiac disease among children presenting with exertional syncope, determine the influence of timing within activity, and determine the utility of genetic testing and implantable event monitors in the evaluation of cardiac syncope. The patients ≤18 years old with exertional syncope who underwent exercise stress testing between 2008 and 2019 were retrospectively included. Patients were assessed to be in one of three groups: mid-exertion (mid-stride syncope), peri-exertion (syncope during activity but not moving), and post-exertion (within minutes of the activity). A total of 334 patients were included; 46 % were mid-exertion, 18 % were peri-exertion, and 36 % were post-exertion. Thirteen patients (3.8 %) were diagnosed with cardiac syncope; n = 9 (69 %) mid-exertion. Only mid-exertional syncope was significantly associated with a cardiac diagnosis (OR: 2.6). Cardiac diagnoses included inherited arrhythmia syndromes (n = 9), abnormal coronary origins (n = 2), and supraventricular tachycardia (n = 2). Only catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (n = 5) was associated with mid-exertional syncope (OR: 1.4). The definitive diagnostic test was exercise testing (n = 8), echocardiogram (n = 2), genetic testing (n = 1), ambulatory monitor (n = 1), and EKG (n = 1). Mid-stride syncope was more likely to result in a cardiac diagnosis, and exercise testing is the most common definitive test as catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia was the primary aetiology of exertional syncope in our cohort. Implantable event monitors and genetic testing could be helpful in ruling out cardiac disease.