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Page 1 of 4

  • 5 - Authoritarian Liberalism
    • from Part II - The Crisis as a Crisis of the EU’s Political and Democratic Legitimacy
  • Edited by Eva Nanopoulos, Queen Mary University of London, Fotis Vergis, University of Manchester
  • Book: The Crisis behind the Eurocrisis
  • Published online: 07 July 2019
  • Print publication: 25 July 2019, pp 101-121
  • View extract

    Summary

    In the period spanning nearly a decade from the beginning of the financial crisis to the present, the constitutional state and state system in Europe has been affected by a series of challenges to its authority and legitimacy. With regard to the European Union, these challenges are fundamental in that they go to the very existence of the project and to the values it professes to be founded on. They seem increasingly interconnected to the EU and the trajectory of integration rather than merely external to it. For the moment, the EU remains relatively resilient; outside of the UK, appetite for ending the experiment mostly inhabits the political fringes, although even in core countries, anti-European pressures are mounting and Eurosceptic parties are on the ascendency. What is clear is that the challenges to the current system go as much to the legitimacy of domestic regimes and their political authority as to the EU itself, not least from the fragmentary pressures on the state from below in the context of subnational claims to autonomy. In short, the crisis of authority is not merely of the EU but of the regional state system and the governing order in Europe.

Clinical Neuroendocrinology
  • Clinical Neuroendocrinology
  • An Introduction
  • Michael Wilkinson, S. Ali Imran
  • Published online: 24 December 2018
  • Print publication: 03 January 2019
  • View description
    This innovative, introductory text is authored by key subject leaders in clinical neuroendocrinology with decades of research and teaching experience. Addressing the need for a concise description of human neuroendocrine systems, this important review of various significant basic science advances is relevant for all levels of experience. An indispensable resource for a variety of learners, this book will also enable biomedical science graduate students to extend their knowledge using its valuable clinical context. Beautifully illustrated, this text integrates basic scientific principles with clinical cases and includes several illustrated imaging studies, and in-depth discussions of basic principles and their interpretations. Extensive reference lists of clinical papers, teaching resources and a selection of review questions are included with each chapter, emphasizing the real-life importance of basic neuroendocrine principles in human health and disease. Clinical reviews are included to provide convenient links to more specialized texts, ensuring a successful springboard for learners worldwide.
  • Cladistics and the rate of homoplastic morphological evolution
  • Mark Wilkinson, Michael J. Benton
  • Journal: The Paleontological Society Special Publications / Volume 6 / 1992
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 July 2017, p. 314
  • Print publication: 1992
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  • View abstract

    Estimates of evolutionary rates require measurement of amounts of change and the period of time over which such change has occurred. Many methods of estimating amount of morphological change are available (including phenetic and morphometric measures) but in cladistics the unit of change is the step or transformation.

    For a given cladistic data set the length (total number of steps) of the most parsimonious cladogram gives a lower bound estimate of the amount of evolution that has occurred within the clade. This measure is correlated with numbers of characters and taxa (and other internal parameters) in the data sets and so cannot be used to compare amounts of evolution in different clades where data set sizes vary. Further, the number of characters incorporated into cladistic studies varies widely and is likely to be a poor basis for an estimate of overall amounts of change.

    One approach to the measurement of amounts of change which avoids some of these problems is to focus upon comparative levels of homoplasy rather than total amounts of morphological evolution. Most parsimonious cladograms provide lower bound estimates of the amount of homoplasy measured as extra steps.

    Maximally homoplastic data provides the theoretical upper limit to the amount of homoplasy that can be estimated for a particular data set. Combining this with estimates of group duration derived from the fossil record or from molecular clocks provides an estimate of maximum rates of homoplastic evolution that can be measured using cladistic parsimony and discrete data.

    Randomly permuted data provides a measure of the amount of homoplastic evolution that would be reconstructed by parsimony analysis for character data that is independent of phylogeny. Combining this with estimates of group duration provides estimates of rate of homoplastic evolution that would be sufficient to render the application of parsimony to the problems of phylogeny reconstruction inappropriate.

    Comparative estimates of the rates of homoplastic evolution in different clades can be used to test macroevolutionary theories.

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