Introduction: geoscience meets astronomy

Much of our knowledge about the formation of planets in the Solar System and in particular concepts and ideas about the origin of the Earth are derived from studies of extraterrestrial matter. Meteorites (Sears, 2004; Lauretta et al., 2006; Krot et al., 2006) were available for laboratory investigations long before space probes were sent out for in situ investigations of planetary surfaces, or Moon rocks were brought back to Earth. Meteorite studies provided such important parameters as the age of the Earth and the time of formation of the first solids in the Solar System (Chen and Wasserburg, 1981; Allegre et al., 1995; Amelin et al., 2002), as well as the average abundances of the elements in the Solar System (Anders and Grevesse, 1989; Palme and Jones, 2004). Traditionally, the study of rocky material requires techniques that fundamentally differ from astronomical techniques. While electromagnetic radiation from stars is analyzed by spectroscopy, the solid samples of aggregated cosmic dust and rocky matter from planetary surfaces require the use of laboratory instruments that allow the determination of their chemical and isotopic composition. Planetary surface materials are present in polymineralic assemblages. Formation conditions and thermal stability of individual minerals provide important boundary conditions for the genesis and history of the analyzed materials. Such studies require a thorough mineralogical background. The abundances and properties of the rock-forming elements, the focus of geo- and cosmochemical research, are, however, not necessarily of major concern to astrophysicists.