This article maps how inclusive discourses aimed at addressing systemic racism and anti-Black racism circulate and operate within youth social policy in Ontario, Canada. Numerous reports and programmes attempt to understand systemic racism and propose new approaches to youth work in addressing youth violence, underemployment, underachievement, etc. This article demonstrates how efforts to counter state violence and systemic racism are pulled into the economic and political framework of racial neoliberal and colonial standards. Employing a Foucauldian genealogy of policy discourses (1992-2019) and semi-structured interviews with youth sector members, it traces how anti-racism discourses are altered by a colonial aphasia (Stoler, 2016) that in turn supports circuits of Whiteness, which continue to target, measure, train, and surveil racialised youth, limiting alternative ways of being.

While breast-feeding is the recommended feeding mode in infancy, rates are low in some Western societies, and infants are widely fed formula. France, in particular, shows high rates of infant formula use, including formulas with protein hydrolysates. The degree of protein hydrolysis has previously been associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes. The present study examines the associations between the protein’s hydrolysis degree in infant formula and child neurodevelopment up to 3·5 years of age in the French nationwide Étude Longitudinale Française depuis l’Enfance (ELFE study). Parents reported on brand and name of the formula used at 2 months, and protein hydrolysis degree was derived from the ingredient list. Analyses were based on 6979 infants (92·2, 6·8 and 1 % consuming non-hydrolysed, partially and extensively hydrolysed formulas, respectively). Neurodevelopment was assessed at age 1 and 3·5 years with the Child Development Inventory (CDI), at age 2 years with the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories and at age 3·5 years with the Picture Similarities sub-scale (British Ability Scales). Associations between protein hydrolysis degree and child neurodevelopment were assessed using linear and logistic regression for overall scores and poor CDI sub-domain scores (<25th centile), respectively. Among formula-fed infants, protein hydrolysis degree in infant formula was not associated with overall neurodevelopmental scores up to 3·5 years. Some associations were found with the motor skills CDI sub-domain, but they were not consistent at 1 and 3·5 years as well as across sensitivity analyses. The use of hydrolysed formula appears safe in terms of overall neurodevelopment, and research should further investigate specific neurodevelopmental domains.

The development of colorectal cancer involves some morphological changes, and in the initial stage, pre-neoplastic lesions called aberrant crypt foci (ACF) appear. Thus, an intervention with sources of bioactive compounds such as Hibiscus sabdariffa L., rich in phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, could attenuate the risk of developing these lesions due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 5 % and 10 % supplementation of dehydrated H. sabdariffa calyces (DHSC) during the development of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced pre-neoplastic lesions in male BALB/c mice. The characterisation of DHSC was carried out. The in vivo experiment lasted 12 weeks, and the animals were randomly divided into three experimental groups: the control group (CON) and the supplemented groups with 5 % DHSC and 10 % DHSC. The activities of liver enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase were determined. In addition, ACF, SCFA, presence of inflammatory infiltrates, goblet cells and leucocytes in the colonic mucosa were quantified. There was a significant reduction in ACF and the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in the colon of animals in groups 5DHSC and 10DHSC. In addition, the 10DHSC group showed an increase in the activity of the CAT enzyme, in the production of butyrate and in the presence of natural killer cells in the colon, in addition to more hypertrophied goblet cells. Based on these findings, it is suggested that DHSC supplementation may be recommended to attenuate cellular responses in the early stage of pre-neoplastic lesions.

Fossil fuels are of utmost importance to the world we live in today. However, their use can cause major impacts on the environment, especially on water resources. In this regard, algae have been intensively used as a strategy for remediation and monitoring of environmental pollution due to its efficient absorption of contaminants. In this work, samples of seaweed collected in Niterói/RJ—contaminated with kerosene and diesel—were analyzed by radiocarbon (14C) accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and by n-alkane quantification with gas chromatography to evaluate bioaccumulation in function of the dosage of contaminants. The biogenic content measured by radiocarbon analysis resulted in 95.6% for algae contaminated with 10 mL of kerosene and 67.6% for algae contaminated with 10 mL of diesel. The maximum intensity of n-C17 n-alkane in algae with 5 mL, 10 mL, and 15 mL of diesel was 768.2, 1878.1, and 5699.2 ng.g-1, respectively. While the maximum concentration of n-C27 in algae with 5 mL, 10 mL and 15 mL of kerosene was 3.3, 35.9, and 150.3 ng.g-1. We concluded that, for both contaminants, their incorporation into algae increases as the contamination dosage increases, making this methodology an effective technique for monitoring and remediation of urban aquatic ecosystems.

We present here the first report based on phylogenetic analyses of small subunit (SSU/18S) and large subunit (LSU/28S) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences from a wider-than-token sample of rhynchonellide articulate brachiopods, with data from 11 of ∼20 extant genera (12 species) belonging to all four extant superfamilies. Data exploration by network and saturation analyses shows that the molecular sequence data are free from major aberrations and are suitable for phylogenetic reconstruction despite the presence of large deletions in four SSU rDNA sequences. Although molecular sequence analyses cannot directly illuminate the systematics of fossils, the independent, genealogical evidence and phylogenetic inferences about extant forms that they make possible are highly relevant to paleontological systematics because they highlight the limitations of evolutionary inference from morphology. Parsimony, distance, maximum likelihood (no clock) and Bayesian (relaxed-clock) analyses all find a tree topology that disagrees strongly with the existing superfamily classification. All tested phylogenetic reconstructions agree that the taxa analyzed fall into three clades designated A1, A2, and B that reflect two major divergence events. The relaxed-clock analysis indicates that clades A and B diverged in the Paleozoic, while clades A1 and A2 reflect Permo-Triassic (and later) events. Morphological homoplasy and possible gene co-option are suggested as the main sources for the discord between the morpho-classification, the results of cladistic analyses of morphology, and the relationships reconstructed from molecular sequences. The origin, function and evolutionary implications of the deletion-bearing rhynchonellide SSU rDNA sequences are briefly discussed in relation to pseudogenes and concerted evolution in the rDNA genomic region.

This study examined the correlates of dietary energy under-reporting (UR) and over-reporting (OV) in European adolescents. Two self-administered computerised 24-h dietary recalls and physical activity data using accelerometry were collected from 1512 adolescents aged 12·5–17·5 years from eight European countries. Objective measurements of height and weight were obtained. BMI was categorised according to Cole/International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-off points. Diet-related attitudes were assessed via self-administered questionnaires. Reported energy intake (EI) was compared with predicted total energy expenditure to identify UR and OV using individual physical activity objective measures. Associations between misreporting and covariates were examined by multilevel logistic regression analyses. Among all, 33·3 % of the adolescents were UR and 15·6 % were OV when considering mean EI. Overweight (OR 3·25; 95 % CI 2·01, 5·27) and obese (OR 4·31; 95 % CI 1·92, 9·65) adolescents had higher odds for UR, whereas underweight individuals were more likely to over-report (OR 1·67; 95 % CI 1·01, 2·76). Being content with their own figures (OR 0·61; 95 % CI 0·41, 0·89) decreased the odds for UR, whereas frequently skipping breakfast (OR 2·14; 95 % CI 1·53, 2·99) was linked with higher odds for UR. Those being worried about gaining weight (OR 0·55; 95 % CI 0·33, 0·92) were less likely to OV. Weight status and psychosocial weight-related factors were found to be the major correlates of misreporting. Misreporting may reflect socially desirable answers and low ability to report own dietary intakes, but also may reflect real under-eating in an attempt to lose weight or real over-eating to reflect higher intakes due to growth spurts. Factors influencing misreporting should be identified in youths to clarify or better understand diet–disease associations.

As survival rates for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia have increased, concerns over improved quality-of-life have also increased. Although 3-10% of children may experience acute transient neurotoxicity during induction chemotherapy, they are felt to be at low risk for late sequelae. We report three previously healthy boys with newly-diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia who presented with obtundation and severe seizures during late induction with a standard four drug chemotherapy regimen. While all three are disease-free survivors, they unexpectedly have persistent and medically intractable partial complex seizures, broad-based neuropsychological impairment and striking neuroimaging abnormalities. These findings suggest that children with leukemia who develop an acute encephalopathy during induction chemotherapy are at risk for long-term neurological and neuropsychological sequelae, despite the cessation of further potentially neurotoxic therapy.

Microfilaments and microtubules play a part in the extension of neuronal processes but their roles in the formation of glial processes have not yet been determined. The objectives of this study were to determine the organization of microfilaments in differentiating glial progenitors (RB2 cells) and to study the effects of microfilament or microtubule disruption on process extension. Intense F-actin staining (crown of microfilaments) was observed at the leading edge of a small extending conical tip in differentiating RB2 cells, but was absent in process-bearing TE671 rhabdomyosarcoma cells. No significant difference was noted in the mean number of TE671 cells with processes treated with a microfilament disrupter from that of similarly treated controls. In contrast, a significant difference was noted in the mean number of RB2 cells with processes after microfilament disruption treatment from that of similarly treated controls. Microtubule disruption arrested extension and caused process retraction in both cell types. The results of this study demonstrate that microtubules play an equally important part in the extension and stabilization of the RB2 and TE671 processes. Moreover, the crown of microfilaments concentrated in the glial RB2 process (and not in the TE671 process) may be critical to its extension during differentiation.

A 4-year-old boy developed Rasmussen’s syndrome and was treated with alpha interferon intraventricularly. An improvement in the epileptic and neurologic syndrome was noted for several weeks following interferon. No adverse side effects were encountered. Since hemispherectomy is the only established therapy in Rasmussen’s Syndrome, further studies are needed to establish if intraventricular alpha interferon may halt the clinical progression of the syndrome.

Introduction. Brazil is a major producer of mangoes, but the export volume is still small because of the short shelf life of this fruit. The objectives of our work were to evaluate the effect of modifying the storage atmosphere using plastic film and temperature, according to different periods of storage, on the characteristics of Espada mango grown organically. Material and methods. Seven treatments were applied to the fruits after their harvest: fruits stored at room temperature; at 12 °C / 80–90% relative humidity (RH); washed and stored at room temperature; washed and stored at 12 °C / 80–90% RH; washed, packed in PVC and stored at room temperature; washed, packaged in PVC and stored at 12 °C / 80–90% RH; and fruits harvested on the same day of evaluations, at (5, 9, 13, 16 and 21) days of storage. Results and discussion. Storage at 12 °C and 80–90% RH was more efficient in delaying fruit ripening, with minor evolution of peel and pulp color and soluble solids contents; this treatment also delayed the development of anthracnose. Fruits packed in PVC and stored at room temperature kept the peel and pulp color for 13 days, compared with 9 days for non-packaged fruits. The ideal time to harvest the Espada variety occurs at 165 days after the onset of flowering, with an index of “3” for skin color (equal amounts of green and yellow) and pulp color (yellow pulp), and soluble solids of 8.5 °Brix. The low severity of anthracnose found at different evaluation times indicates the probable tolerance of the Espada variety to the pathogen.

MarcoPolo-R is a sample return mission to a primitive Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) selected in February 2011 for the Assessment Study Phase at ESA in the framework of ESAfs Cosmic Vision 2 program. MarcoPolo-R is a European-led mission with a proposed NASA contribution. MarcoPolo-R takes advantage of three industrial studies completed as part of the previous Marco Polo mission (see ESA/SRE (2009)3). The aim of the new Assessment Study is to reduce the cost of the mission while maintaining its high science level, on the basis of advanced studies and technologies, as well as optimization of the mission. MarcoPolo-R will rendezvous with a unique kind of target, a primitive binary NEA, scientifically characterize it at multiple scales, and return a unique pristine sample to Earth unaltered by the atmospheric entry process or terrestrial weathering. The baseline target of MarcoPolo-R is the primitive binary NEA (175706) 1996 FG3, which offers a very efficient operational and technical mission profile. A binary target also provides enhanced science return: the choice of this target will allow new investigations to be performed more easily compared to a single object, and also enables investigations of the fascinating geology and geophysics of asteroids that are impossible to obtain from a single object. Precise measurements of the mutual orbit and rotation state of both components can be used to probe higher-level harmonics of the gravitational potential, and therefore the internal structure. A unique opportunity is offered to study the dynamical evolution driven by the YORP/Yarkovsky thermal effects. Possible migration of regolith on the primary from poles to equator allows the increasing maturity of asteroidal regolith with time to be expressed as a latitude-dependent trend, with the most-weathered material at the equator matching what is seen in the secondary. MarcoPolo-R will allow us to study the most primitive materials available to investigate early solar system formation processes. Moreover, MarcoPolo-R will provide a sample from a known target with known geological context. Direct investigation of both the regolith and fresh interior fragments is also impossible by any means other than sample return. The main goal of the MarcoPolo-R mission is to return unaltered NEA material for detailed analysis in ground-based laboratories. The limited sampling provided by meteorites does not offer the most primitive material available in near-Earth space. More primitive material, having experienced less alteration on the asteroid, will be more friable and would not survive atmospheric entry in any discernible amount. Only in the laboratory can instruments with the necessary precision and sensitivity be applied to individual components of the complex mixture of materials that forms an asteroid regolith, to determine their precise chemical and isotopic composition. Such measurements are vital for revealing the evidence of stellar, interstellar medium, pre-solar nebula and parent body processes that are retained in primitive asteroidal material, unaltered by atmospheric entry or terrestrial contamination. It is no surprise therefore that sample return missions are considered a priority by a number of the leading space agencies.