In 2018 and 2019, China’s outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) and the U.S.–China trade war captured media headlines worldwide. This research uses a unique data set of media headlines and sentiments to estimate the impact of media on U.S. lean hog futures prices for nearby and distant expiration contracts. Findings suggest futures prices are influenced by news media content, with results differing by time to contract expiration and sentiment of the headline. International headlines with positive and negative connotations toward ASF and trade war have more significant effects, indicating sensationalist media creates the greatest price movements compared to neutral headlines.

Diet is implicated in the development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). However, the role of diet in reducing inflammation and managing prevalent disease is unclear (1–3). Previous studies have analysed the relationship between dietary patterns and occurrence of flares or symptoms, but not disease activity or inflammation (4–5). It is important to explore the role of habitual diet in management of IBD to provide targeted dietary recommendations. We explored the relationship between dietary intake with disease activity and inflammation in an Australian adult cohort with and without IBD. We analysed dietary and clinical data from the Australian IBD Microbiome (AIM) study. AIM is a prospective longitudinal cohort study of adults and children with Crohn’s Disease (CD), Ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy controls (HC). Habitual dietary intake of food groups, fibre, polyphenols and fermented foods was collected by merging dietary data from 3-day food records and food frequency questionnaires with PhenolExplorer and the Australian Fibre Categories Database. Dietary patterns were explored using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) in IBM SPSS Statistics (V29). Associations between dietary intake, clinical disease activity categorised as remission or active, and faecal calprotectin (FCAL) were explored in adult participants. A total of 412 participants (IBD = 223, HC = 189) were included. FCAL data was available for 211 participants (HC = 100, CD = 49, UC = 62). Median (IQR) FCAL at baseline was 20 (20) mg/kg for HC and 33 (127) mg/kg for IBD, indicating clinically irrelevant inflammation (FCAL >50mg/kg = clinical inflammation). PCA identified 7 distinct dietary patterns for adults with IBD. A dietary pattern of high plant diversity was associated with active CD. In the total IBD cohort, low association to a 'Prudent’ pattern was positively associated with low FCAL, and high association to a 'Meat-eaters’ dietary pattern was positively associated with moderate FCAL. CA revealed 3 distinct clusters amongst participants with IBD. No significant difference between diet cluster and disease activity or FCAL was seen. There were no significant differences in intake of fibre or polyphenols between remission vs active disease in participants with IBD. A significant difference between total, soluble and insoluble fibre and FCAL categories was seen with a higher fibre intake associated with lower FCAL. Higher plant-diversity and 'Prudent’ dietary patterns are associated with active disease and higher FCAL in Australian adults with IBD. Reverse causality cannot be ruled out, with analysis of larger cohorts and clinical trial data needed to clarify this.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: An environmental scansoughtto understand research processes, areas for improvement, and opportunities for collaborative quality improvement (QI)across the Northwest Participant and Clinical Interactions Network (NW PCI). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: NW PCI site champions were invited for semi-structured single and group Zoom-based interviews. Interviewers asked participants about local research processes, strengths and weaknesses, existing infrastructure to support QI, and interest in collaborative QI across the Network. Audio transcripts were coded using Dedoose and analyzed with deductive and inductive coding. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Between February and April 2023, 10 interviews collected data from 7 research decision makers and 7 staff members across 7 sites. Most participants (n=13, 92%) agreed the diagram shown during the interview was representative of the local process. Organizations consistently identified strengths and weaknesses within the domains of study start-up, recruitment, budgets, and compliance. QI infrastructure was inconsistent (n=5, 36%) and all (n=14, 100%) saw potential for success in multisite QI initiatives to enhance efficiency. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: NW PCI sites use similar processes, share common strengths and weaknesses, and universally reported interest in collaborating on QI. Study startup was reported as both a strength and weakness within the same organization, requiring unpacking of key elements before pursuing QI initiatives.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The Institute of Translational Health Science (ITHS) Remote Technologies for Research Reference Center (REMOTECH) aims to support researchers using remote technologies. Understanding barriers specifically for engagement of diverse populations is critical to improve equitable access and increase diverse participation in research. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted semi-structured interviews with researchers (N=30) within the WWAMI (Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana and Idaho) region, identified through participation in a previous survey as well as those known to have previously implemented remote technologies at ITHS institutions. We solicited specific concerns regarding equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) related to remote research participant recruitment, retention, and implementation, as well as outcomes and potential solutions. Interview transcripts were coded, summarized, and emerging themes were identified. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The pandemic necessitated a shift to the use of remote research engagement strategies. Our interview findings show that researchers have a desire to: increase diversity through remote engagement options; decrease participant burden; and understand and include strategies that advance equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) efforts. While geographic diversity was positively impacted by the use of remote technologies, significant barriers and challenges currently exist in the use of remote technologies with respect to other types of diversity, for example access to technologies and limited financial resources. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Remote technologies in research could increase diversity, but interviewees shared barriers and challenges that prevent that from happening. Researchers would benefit from equity-oriented digital literacy resources to use with diverse populations. Such tools can also be used to guide study design/procedures, materials, and processes.

We report the first application of 39K solid-state NMR to the study of tecto- and phyllosilicates. Under high field (11.7 Tesla) and with the application of a spin-echo sequence, informative 39K spectra can be obtained for several compounds of interest to the geologist and the agronomist. Tectosilicates and phyllosilicates can be distinguished from the uncorrected frequency (δCG) of the observed NMR peak. A series of montmorillonites submitted to increasing numbers of wetting and drying cycles was studied in order to discriminate between mobile and “fixed” forms of K+: when the spectra are run on hydrated samples, two different signals are observed corresponding to K+ in different hydration states, and NMR data can be correlated with the amount of exchangeable K+ measured by ion exchange. Thus, it appears that NMR can provide useful information on K fixation complementary to classical chemical methods.

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has proven to be a powerful tool for the population-level monitoring of pathogens, particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). For assessment, several wastewater sampling regimes and methods of viral concentration have been investigated, mainly targeting SARS-CoV-2. However, the use of passive samplers in near-source environments for a range of viruses in wastewater is still under-investigated. To address this, near-source passive samples were taken at four locations targeting student hall of residence. These were chosen as an exemplar due to their high population density and perceived risk of disease transmission. Viruses investigated were SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern (VOCs), influenza viruses, and enteroviruses. Sampling was conducted either in the morning, where passive samplers were in place overnight (17 h) and during the day, with exposure of 7 h. We demonstrated the usefulness of near-source passive sampling for the detection of VOCs using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Furthermore, several outbreaks of influenza A and sporadic outbreaks of enteroviruses (some associated with enterovirus D68 and coxsackieviruses) were identified among the resident student population, providing evidence of the usefulness of near-source, in-sewer sampling for monitoring the health of high population density communities.

This study examines the economic performance of rainfed cropping systems endemic to the Southern Great Plains under weed competition. Cropping systems include tilled and no-till wheat-fallow, wheat-soybean, and wheat-sorghum rotations. Net returns from systems are compared under different levels of weed pressure. Producers operating over longer planning horizons would choose to double-crop regardless of the tillage method used and weed pressure level. Producers operating under shorter planning horizons would implement wheat-fallow systems when weed pressure is high and double crop when weed pressure is low.

Small scale fabrication spaces have shown their potential to support our local supply chains during the collapse of many global supply chain networks at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In anticipation of these spaces becoming more significant in local supply chains, it is increasingly important to reduce their environmental impacts. This work investigates the life cycle of small scale fabrication spaces by interviewing 18 participants from these spaces in the United States. Key insights from the interviews include the following: a) material selection, robust inventory management, and user support for material disposal are factors influencing optimal flow of materials and equipment through a fabrication space; b) lack of information from manufacturers and suppliers is a critical obstacle to achieve optimal use of materials and equipment, and informed decision making related to environmental sustainability and ethical labor practices; c) there are opportunities to take advantage of where financial and sustainability goals align; d) individual motivators for fabrication influences sustainable behaviors; and e) effective education about material and equipment use helps fabrication space users with more sustainable decision making.

In a series of experiments the welfare of para-aminovalerophenone (PAVP) sub-lethally poisoned rats (Rattus norvegicus) was assessed. The experiments: (i) examined the acute methaemoglobin (MetHb) profile over time; (ii) refined the LD50 estimate for PAVP in adult female rats; (iii) developed and validated three neurological tests; and (iv) assessed rats for neurological deficit following prolonged methaemoglobinaemia. The results from the first three experiments were used to refine the sub-lethal study. In the sub-lethal experiment 20 rats were gavaged with a single dose of 40 mg kg−1 PAVP (based on an LD50 estimate of 43.3 mg kg−1). Control rats (n = 10) were treated with the carrier only. Eleven (surviving) PAVP-treated rats and controls were assessed over a two-week period. Rats were tested for forelimb grip strength, stability on an inclined plane and the ability to remove tape wrapped around a forepaw in order to determine deficits in motor functions and sensorimotor integration. Signs of recovery began 3-6 h post-dosing, with all animals showing no outward signs of poisoning within 48 h, and over the 14-day post-treatment monitoring period they gained weight and increased their food consumption. There was no significant overall difference in performance between PAVP-treated and control rats in any of the three neurological tests. In the inclined plane test, performance of sub-lethally PAVP-poisoned rats appeared to be temporarily impaired with treated animals slipping at a lower angle than controls on day two. During the tape removal test, four PAVP-treated rats failed to remove the tape within the 3-min time limit on one occasion each (4/77 occasions) up to seven days post-dosing. The severity and duration of signs following acute sub-lethal PAVP poisoning appeared to be lower than those reported for existing rodenticides. It is likely that the results presented in this study extend to other MetHb-inducers.

Organisational priorities for health care focus on efficiency as the health and care needs of populations increase. But evidence suggests that excessive planning can be counterproductive, leading to resistance from staff and patients, particularly those living with cognitive impairment. The current paper adds to this debate reporting an Institutional Ethnography of staff delivering care for older patients with cognitive impairment on acute orthopaedic wards in three National Health Service hospitals in the United Kingdom. A key problematic identified in this study is the point of disjuncture seen between the actualities of staff experience and intentions of protocols and policies. We identified three forms of disjuncture typified as: ‘disruptions’, where sequenced care was interrupted by patient events; ‘discontinuities’, where divisions in professional culture, space or time interrupted sequenced tasks; and ‘dispersions’, where displaced objects or people interrupted sequenced care flow. Arguably disruption is an integral characteristic of care work; it follows that to enable staff to flourish, organisations need to confer staff the autonomy to address systemic disruptions rather than attempt to eradicate them. Ultimately, organisational representations of ‘good practice’ as readily joined up, impose a care standard ‘stereotype’ that obscures rather than clarifies the interactional problems encountered by staff.

We replicate a design ideation experiment (Goucher-Lambert et al., 2019) with and without inspirational stimuli and extend data collection sources to eye-tracking and a think aloud protocol to provide new insights into generated ideas. Preliminary results corroborate original findings: inspirational stimuli have an effect on idea output and questionnaire ratings. Near and far inspirational stimuli increased participants’ idea fluency over time and were rated more useful than control. We further enable experiment reproducibility and provide publicly available data.

This study determines which factors are associated with the use of rotational grazing and the frequency with which Tennessee producers rotate cattle during the summer months. Survey data were used to estimate an ordered response model with sample selection. Most respondents used rotational grazing, and the most frequent rotational schedule was rotating cattle one to two times per month. Factors including labor, capital, knowledge, and water availability influenced the use of rotational grazing and the frequency of rotating cattle. The insights from this study can inform the development of incentives to promote more intensive use of rotational grazing.

Fluting is a technological and morphological hallmark of some of the most iconic North American Paleoindian stone points. Through decades of detailed artifact analyses and replication experiments, archaeologists have spent considerable effort reconstructing how flute removals were achieved, and they have explored possible explanations of why fluting was such an important aspect of early point technologies. However, the end of fluting has been less thoroughly researched. In southern North America, fluting is recognized as a diagnostic characteristic of Clovis points dating to approximately 13,000 cal yr BP, the earliest widespread use of fluting. One thousand years later, fluting occurs more variably in Dalton and is no longer useful as a diagnostic indicator. How did fluting change, and why did point makers eventually abandon fluting? In this article, we use traditional 2D measurements, geometric morphometric (GM) analysis of 3D models, and 2D GM of flute cross sections to compare Clovis and Dalton point flute and basal morphologies. The significant differences observed show that fluting in Clovis was highly standardized, suggesting that fluting may have functioned to improve projectile durability. Because Dalton points were used increasingly as knives and other types of tools, maximizing projectile functionality became less important. We propose that fluting in Dalton is a vestigial technological trait retained beyond its original functional usefulness.

This analysis examines aggregate structural changes in the United States dairy industry, 1987–2017. We estimate the likelihood of operation changes in herd size, entry, or exits for each of the lower 48 states using a semiparametric Markov process model. Small- and medium-sized dairy longevity correlates with higher dairy margins and productivity improvements. An increase in consumer expenditures on dairy products is associated with smaller operation exits. Industry dynamics exhibit a persistent trend toward consolidation in most states. The exit probability for each state and all size classes has increased significantly for most states since 2002.