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Recently, the validity range of the approximations commonly used in neoclassical calculation has been reconsidered. One of the primary motivations behind this trend is observation of an impurity hole in LHD (Large Helical Device), i.e. the formation of an extremely hollow density profile of an impurity ion species, such as carbon
$\text{C}^{6+}$
, in the plasma core region where a negative radial electric field (
$E_{r}$
) is expected to exist. Recent studies have shown that the variation of electrostatic potential on the flux surface,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{1}$
, has significant impact on neoclassical impurity transport. Nevertheless, the effect of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{1}$
has been studied with radially local codes and the necessity of global calculation has been suggested. Thus, we have extended a global neoclassical code, FORTEC-3D, to simulate impurity transport in an impurity hole plasma including
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{1}$
globally. Independently of the
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{1}$
effect, an electron root of the ambipolar condition for the impurity hole plasma has been found by global simulation. Hence, we have considered two different cases, each with a positive (global) and a negative (local) solution of the ambipolar condition, respectively. Our result provides another support that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{1}$
has non-negligible impact on impurity transport. However, for the ion-root case, the radial
$\text{C}^{6+}$
flux is driven further inwardly by
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{1}$
. For the electron-root case, on the other hand, the radial particle
$\text{C}^{6+}$
flux is outwardly enhanced by
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{1}$
. These results indicate that how
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{1}$
affects the radial particle transport crucially depends on the profile of the ambipolar-
$E_{r}$
, which is found to be susceptible to
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{1}$
itself and the global effects.
Study of the relationship between bupropion and the onset of psychotic symptoms.
Methods
Review of the literature about this subject and review of the patient's history.
Results
Mr D. was a 20 years old patient attended in our psychiatric unit for psychosis due to drug abuse that was exacerbated after the beginning of the treatment with Bupropion.
He showed a depressive episode at the age of 17, being diagnosed of Personality disorder (Cluster B), and he had history of substance abuse including cannabis (habit described as occasional), cocaine (only once in the past) and MDMA (only the 31 December 2008).
The patient recognized an intake of MDMA on the 31 December 2008, after which he showed visual hallucinations and insomnia in the following 48 hours. From the 3TH to 7TH OF January no symptom was observed although he had cannabis in unspecified amounts, appearing abnormal behaviour around January 8TH. On the 11th, his GP prescribed Bupropion at doses up to 150mg/day for smoking cessation, appearing two days later psychotic symptoms that included hallucinations, soliloquies, unmotivated laughter and an exacerbation of behavioral disturbances.
The symptoms disappeared after a week of treatment with antipsychotics.
Conclusions
Bupropion causes inhibition of dopamine reuptake, which would have created, an excess of this neurotransmitter that could explain the appearance of the psychotic symptoms.
We consider it appropriate to include in the contraindications section of this product, the use of bupropion among patients with history of psychotic symptoms in the context of consumption of toxic substances.
There are only a few epidemiology studies of personality disorders in the general population related with gender distribution. Due the important relevated actually increase in the clinic and non clinic environment of this type of disorders, the intention of this work is to study the prevalence of the personality disorder (PD) by gender in a sample of 684 students of the city of Barcelona (Spain).
Methods:
It has been administrate the questionnaire Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+) Spanish version. That assessed the 12 PD following DSM-IV criteria (the 10 PD specifics of the axis II and the 2 PD of the appendix) (Huang and cols., 2007).
Results:
The analysis obtained, there are the comparison of dimensional scores (t test of Student) and the prevalence's by gender (test χ2).
Conclusions:
In general, the totally scores of the PDQ-4+ show that the woman obtain higher scores of PD presence than the man. Related with the specific scales, the scores of the woman is significantly in the two analysis paranoide, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive and depressive; on the contrary the man in the antisocial.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is characterized by severe fatigue associated with pain, sleep disturbance, attentional impairment and headaches. Evidence points towards a prominent role for Central Nervous System in its pathogenesis, and alterations in serotoninergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission have been described.
Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) courses with inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. It affects children and persists into adulthood in 50% of patients. Dopamine transporter abnormalities lead to impaired neurotransmission of catecholaminergic frontal-subcortical-cerebellar circuits.
Objectives
To describe the prevalence of ADHD in a sample of CFS patients, and the clinical implications of the association.
Aims
To study the relationship between CFS and ADHD.
Methods
The initial sample consisted of 142 patients, of whom 9 were excluded because of severe psychopathology or incomplete evaluation. All the patients (age 49 ± 87; 94,7 women) received CFS diagnoses according to Fukuda criteria. ADHD was assessed with a diagnostic interview (CAADID), ADHD Rating Scale and the scale WURS, for childhood diagnose. The scales FIS-40, HAD, STAI and Pluthik Risk of Suicide (RS) were administrated.
Results
38 patients (28,8%) were diagnosed of childhood ADHD (4 combined, 22 hyperactive-impulsive, 12 inattentive) and persisted into adulthood in 28 (21,1%; 5 combined, 4 hyperactive-impulsive, 19 inattentive). There were no differences in Fukuda criteria profile and FIS-40 between groups. ADHD patients scored higher in HAD-Anxiety (9,88 ± 4,82 vs. 12,57 ± 3,49; p = 0,007), HAD-Depression (9,69 ± 4,84 vs. 12,04 ± 4,53; p = 0,023), STAI-E (30,55 ± 14,53 vs. 38,41 ± 11,35; p = 0,012), and RS (6,13 ± 3,48 vs. 8,49 ± 3,07; p = 0,002).
Conclusions
ADHD is frequent in CFS patients and it is associated with more severe clinical profile.
Fiction films offer unexplored support for rehabilitation in patients with schizophrenia and other psychoses. Schizophrenia produces deficits and distortions in perception and understanding of reality, also expressed in the perception and comprehension of films. After two years of experience “ad hoc” we have designed an experimental case-control study in order to study the effectiveness of the proposed technique compared with conventional “cinema-forum”
Methodology
20 patients treated at the Psychiatric Day Hospital in Puerta de Hierro Hospital (Majadahonda) will participate in the study. Initially, the researcher will collect information on socio-demographic and clinical data of all participants, as well as a written informed consent. There will be an initial assessment using the following instruments:
- SCID
- PANSS
- SCIP (schizophrenia cognitive screening)
- Scale GEOPTE (social cognition in schizophrenia)
- Social Functioning Scale (SOFAS, PSP)
- Scale of disease awareness
- IPDE (TP)
- Hamilton Scale (anxiety-depression)
The material used will be the 12 chapters of the first season of TV series “The Sopranos” by David Chase (2004). Specific techniques of cognitive and affective work are compared against a “cinema-forum”. For the evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed technique, it will be used a measurement tool designed specifically for the activity, which includes:
1. 60 item-Scale, specific on each chapter, evaluating:
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is a safe and effective technique widely used in our area. Scientific literature related to the application of this technique is continuously developing, specifically with regard to the placement of the electrodes, the amplitude of the stimulus pulse administered, the initial charge used, and the anesthetic agent involved.
Aims
The primary aim of this study was to analyze technical variables associated with the use of ECT in our hospital, and compare them to the guidelines of the protocol developed in our hospital and international standards.
Methods
We performed a review of Clinical Histories of the patients that were treated with ECT in the “Hospital 12 de Octubre” (Madrid, Spain), in the period comprised between January 1st, 2008 and December 31st, 2009. We collected data related to the application of the technique, socio-demographic variables and clinical profiles. We used descriptive statistics to analyze our data.
Results
During this period, 602 ECT sessions were applied. Placement of the electrodes was unilateral in 58% of subjects with Affective Disorders and 8% of subjects with Schizophrenia. The amplitude of the stimulus pulse was 1 ms. Mean charge administered in the initial and final session was 236.85 mC and 357.16 mC, respectively. Etomidate was used as anesthetic in 68% of cases.
Conclusions
ECT technical variables applied in our hospital are adjusted to guidelines of our area and international recommendations. Longitudinal studies are warranted in order to objectively assess techinical variables associated to ECT.
The request of diagnostic imagining techniques, such as CT, is sometimes necessary when working in the emergency service as a psychiatrist. Common circumstances that need CT are altered level of consciousness, absence of psychiatric history, sudden beginning of the symptoms or visual hallucinations.
Objectives
To study the profitability of the cranial CT for patients with psychiatric symptoms in the Emergency Service.
Methods
Retrospective review of the cranial CT was made to patients who presented psychiatric symptoms in the Emergency Service of our hospital from November 2009 to July 2010 using Hospital Ramon Cajal’s history software.
Results
We collected a total of 94 patients.-Sex: there were no important differences, 45,7% were women and 53,3% were men. -Age: < 18 years (3,2%), 18–30 years (12,8%), 31–40 (7,4%), 41–50 (26,6%), 51–60 (17%), 61–70 (14,9%), >71 (18,1%) Cause of consulting: The most frequent cause of consulting was “behavior disorder” (35,1%) and psychotic symptoms (14,9%). Other causes were altered level of consciousness and neurological symptoms.
Image findings: It stands out that up to a 63,8% of the patients had no significant radiological findings. The most frequent diagnosis (26,6%) was cortical-subcortical atrophy, followed by vascular cerebral illness in 9,6%.
Diagnosis: 20,2% were diagnosticated of psychotic disorder, 11,7% neurological disorder and 10,6% dementia.
Conclusions
- Only in 6,4% of the cases the image results were indispensable to reach a correct diagnosis.
- Cranial CT requests should not be made routinely and guides should be followed more strictly.
Psychotherapy is considered the primary treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is one of the most effective, based on empirical data (Lieb et al.,2004). Pharmacotherapy strategies have been successful in decreasing some core symptoms like impulsivity (Oldham,2005). Topiramate has been effective against BPD anger, considered as an expression of affective instability and a proxy measure of impulsivity (Nickel et al.,2004;2005).
Aim:
To analyze the topiramate contribution in the aggressive impulsivity decrease with BPD patients treated by DBT.
Method:
23 BPD patients, treated with DBT, participated in the study. Patients were evaluated with SCID-I and SCID-II. Topiramate dosage was adapted to the frequency and severity of self-aggressive impulsive behaviors.
The influence of topiramate in behavior outcomes was analysed using step by step multivariated regression analysis.
Results:
Topiramate didn't decrease suicidal attempts number, but had strong influence in parasuicidal behaviors (Standarized Betha=0.57;t=3.16,p<0.05) and in the reduction of emergencies visits (Standarized Betha=0.22;t=2.151, p<0.05). The medium topiramate dosage was 200 mg UID (100-500mg).
Conclusions:
Topiramate can be helpful, as a symptom-targeted pharmacotherapy, for self-aggresive impulsive behavior with BPD patients treated by DBT.
A psichiatric emergency is a situation where disorders of thought, mood or behavior are so disruptive that require immediate assistance.
Objectives
To analyze clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, predictors of hospitalization, and poli-attendance in patients attended in a reference area psychiatric emergency service.
Methodology
All assistances from 01.12.2011 to 31.01.12 were recorded in a database. Patient poly-attendance was defined by two or more assistances during the study period. Logistic regression analysis was performed to find out hospitalization and poli-attendance predictors.
Results
N = 219. 50.68% male, 49.32% female; 86.75% between 20-64 years. 45.62% finished primary studies. 80.82% owned social support network. 80.73% unemployed. 71.89% voluntary assistances. 58.97% already tracked by mental health, 24.66% first contact. Reason care: anxiety (24.20%), behavioral disorders (22.57%), suicide (20.55%) and psychosis (12.79%). Final diagnoses: psychosis (24.20%), anxiety (15.48%), depression (10.05%), drugs abuse (9.13%), personality disorders (17.35%), mental retardation (8.22%), social issues (16.89%).26.94% were poly-attendance, assisted by: organic mental disorder (OR= 21,10, IC95%), personality disorders (OR=4,313, IC95%), mental retardation (OR=5,545, IC95%), social issues (OR=2,94, IC95%). 24.20% of the patients hospitalized. Factors associated to risk: age range 15-20 (OR 12.10, IC95%); psychosis (OR = 51.03, IC 95%), depression (OR = 14.61, IC95%), bipolar disorder (OR=20,38, IC 95%).
Conclusions
Minor diseases, social issues or stables axis II disorders accomplished most attendances. Hospitalitation was associated with severe mental illness and lower age.Poly-attendance is not associated with axis I patology, but it is with axis II and IV disorders.
Previous studies show association between sexual dysfunction and antipsychotic treatment.
Objectives
To study the prevalence and clinical correlates of sexual dysfunction in schizophrenic inpatients treated with antipsychotics. To analyze the influence of sexual complaints in treatment adherence.
Methods
Retrospective descriptive study of psychiatric inpatients diagnosed of schizophrenia following DSM-IV-TR) criteria and treated in an acute care unit of Psychiatry in an university hospital in a 12-month period. Patients treated with combination of antipsychotics (typical and atypical) were excluded from the analysis (n = 60). Sexual side effects were evaluated with Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser (UKU) Side Effect Rating Scale and evaluated in two treatment groups: conventional antipsychotics, and atypical antipsychotics. Patients were asked about subjective experience with other treatments.
Results
The mean age of subjects was 32.4 (SD = 8.7). From the whole sample 38 (63.3%) were men and 22 (36.7%) women. Sexual dysfunction related to treatment was present in 78% of patients. Men were more affected than women and 69% of them related that sexual dysfunction had influenced the decision of treatment withdrawal previous to income. Amenorrhea was more common on risperidone and amisulpride. Analysis of different antipsychotics and its relationship with sexual dysfunction are presented.
Conclusions
Sexual dysfunction is a frequent side effect associated with antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients. The sexual side effects may reduce the quality of life and may increase non-compliance that is usually associated to readmissions and worse prognosis of severe mental illness.
Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Further research is still needed to demonstrate the benefits of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) for specific participant profiles, such as children with behavioural disorders.
Objectives
We wanted to find out if AAT could be considered an efficient therapeutic strategy for the treatment of children with behavioural disorders.
Aims
We wanted to study the effects of a preestablished AAT program on the behaviour of children with emotional and behavioural issues in 6 different reception centres for children under government guardianship.
Methods
Forty-five children (12 to 17 years old) with emotional and behavioural issues participated in a 14-session AAT program. Behavioural measures were those routinely scored as part of therapy; an observational report of 3 different problematic behaviours (such as impulsivity, lack of social skills or lack of personal recognition) was made twice a week for each child (with a score of frequency and intensity). A pre- and post-treatment “global behaviour score” was calculated for each child, as an average value of the 3 problematic behaviours measured during the month pre-treatment and the month post-treatment.
Results
The 45 participants attended, on average, 72.8% of AAT sessions. Independent behaviour scores differed between the pre- and post-intervention evaluations (n = 135 behaviours) (Wilcoxon test; P < 0.0001). Based on the global behaviour score for each child (n = 45), significant change was found between pre- and post-intervention evaluations (Wilcoxon test; P = 0.0011).
Conclusions
Our results suggest AAT could be a beneficial intervention for children with behavioural issues in terms of program adherence and behaviour improvement.
Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The determination of IQ is essential in the assessment and diagnosis of children. There are multitude of tests, one of the most used are the Wechsler Scales.
Aims
Hypothesis: Assessment of IQ is equivalent using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISCr) and Kaufman inteligence brief test (KBIT).
Subjects Children undergoing treatment at Unit Child and Adolescent Mental Health of Talavera with determination IQ at some point in the intervention: 39 pairings determination of IQ subjects atended: 20 males and 19 females, aged between 4 and 14 years.
Material
Subjects are evaluated with KBIT and WISCr tests.
Methods
Design: Quasi-experimental with two conditions.
Independent variables: IQ Total WISCr and age management KBIT (for eight years application of the full test, under this age not full test).
Dependent variable: IQ KBIT.
Analysis
Calculation of correlation between IQ by non-parametric test. Comparison between groups using non-parametric test for dependent data (sign test). Rejecting null hypothesis for alpha significance P < 0.05.
Results
Partial KBIT; 21 comments, 11 males, 10 females; Spearman r = .714 (P < .001); average estimate of 12.71 points higher in KBIT, Dt 18.07, sign test Z = –2.012 (P < .041).
Full KBIT
18 observations, 9 males, 9 females; Spearman r = .739 (P < .001); lower average estimate of 3.44 points in KBIT, Dt 12.43, sign test Z = –.236 (P < .815).
Conclusions
The results support high validity regardless of age management KBIT, although IQ scores obtained before 8 years should be considered with caution. The KBIT has the advantage of its shorter evaluation, however the information obtained from WISCr is wider.
Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Smoking is an addictive and chronic disease. Twenty-four percent of the Spanish population in 2012 smoked daily.
Aims and objectives
To evaluate a smoking cessation program in a Primary Care Center.
Methods
Observational, prospective study. We describe an individualized smoking cessation in Plaza del Ejército Health Center (Valladolid). Inclusion criteria: active smoker, ≥ 18 years old and belonging to the Health Center. Exclusion: severe mental illness. Included patients from November 2013 until January2014. Ended in July 2014. Four Medical residents participated, we present the results of one of them. During the first consultation motivational interviewing was conducted, physical examination and treatment was prescribed (cognitive behavioral therapy or drug treatment: varenicline). In subsequent consultations interview and follow-up. Variables: age, gender, pack-years, nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom) and Prochaska and DiClemente phase, weight, treatment used, dropout rate and final withdrawal of snuff.
Results
Eleven patients, mean age 48.18 (13.61), 7 (63.6) women. Comorbidity: 6 (54.5) anxious-depressive pathology, 1 (9.1) dysthymia, 2 (18.2) endocrine pathology and 1 (9.1) respiratory disease. Four (36.4) showed high dependency and 2 (18.2) extreme. Media packages 20.50/year (19,20). Seven (63.6) were in action phase of Prochaska and DiClemente and 2 (18.2) in preparation. Visits range: 1-11. The average was 4.55 (3.64). Three (27.27) patients attended only the first visit. Four (36.4) achieved complete abstinence, 3 (27.27) met maintenance phase. One (9.1) reduced consumption in half. Patients gained average 0.5 kg (2.47).
Conclusions
The results are similar to those reported in other series. Modest dropout rate. No pharmacological treatment was used due to high coexistence of comorbidities, the only patient who used varenicline suffered insomnia. Average age and media packages were superior to other series.
Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Chronic pain and its estimate in general population varies widely depending on the area and population studied. It is concluded that exerts effects on both physical and mental health, either in the patient or his family, in addition to its social cost to influence activities of daily living, employment and economic welfare of a significant proportion of the general population, constituting one of the main reasons for medical consultation.
Aim
Hypothesis: The painful perception is an operant behaviour. Subjects Six subjects (S): 5 females and 1 male, aged between 56 and 72 years Diagnosis ICD-10: R52.2 chronic pain of neuropathic origin. Material soundproof booth with audiometer Maico MA52.
Methods design
Experimental single case.
Independent variable: behaviour modification treatment by differential molding using auditory stimulation as discriminative stimulus. Dependent variable: pain perception scale of 0-100%. Analysiscomparisons using non-parametric test, significance at P < 0.05.
Six replications of behavioural experiment were performed. All show statistical significance. Generalization occurs in 83%. The hypothesis is confirmed and effectiveness of the treatment protocol was concluded; however the line of work should continue.
Table 1
Start session
End session
M
SD
M
SD
S1
65.42
26.74
6.41
19.91
S2
52.08
23.60
27.08
21.36
S3
90.53
10.49
63.91
26.16
S4
52.49
17.88
23.53
15.00
S5
71.01
14.44
15.38
9.93
S6
35.71
25.59
10.44
20,12
Signs test (start/end)
U Mann-Whitney (base line/daily life)
Z
P <
Z
P <
S1
−2.041
.0412
−3.537
.0004
S2
−2.598
.0094
−3.031
.0024
S3
−3.015
.0026
−0.014
.9885
S4
−3.175
.0015
−3.315
.0009
S5
−3.328
.0009
−2.951
.0032
S6
−2.214
.0269
–4.609
.0001
Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
We report the successful management of a 49-year-old woman with an initial diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder transitioned to resistant schizophrenia. First contact with our psychiatrist service in 2000; referring problems with treatment adherence and occasional toxic abuse, she underwent 15 admissions in acute adult psychiatric hospitalisation units since then (last discharge March, 2015), and a one-year stay (2012–2013) in an adult mid-term mental health unit. She is currently followed-up throughout the major mental-health outpatient visits program.
Aims
The patient was prescribed paliperidone 6 mg 2-0-0, oxcarbazepine 600 mg 1-0-1 and clonazepam 0.5 mg 1-0-1 during the last 2 months.
Methods
Due to lack of treatment adherence and toxic abuse she suffered a psychotic decompensation in May 2015. She was then prescribed clozapine 200 mg 1-0-2, boosted with aripiprazole 400 mg once monthly. The adjunction of aripiprazole once monthly (AOM) was intended to improve treatment adherence, and to supplement the psychotic control of clozapine without entailing a worsening of therapy tolerability. The patient was monitored during 5 months in our unit.
Results
We observed a positive psychopathological evolution of the patient, which allowed us to re-evaluate the initial diagnostic, ascribing the previous mood fluctuations to toxic consumption.
Conclusion
Previous works have been published about the combination of clozapine and oral aripiprazole for the treatment of resistant schizophrenia, but, as far as we know, this is the first repost of the combined use of clozapine and AOM. Based on our results, this antipsychotic combination resulted in a psychopathological improvement of the patient, with good tolerability.
Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
We report the successful management of a 57-year-old woman with a 20 year diagnostic of paranoid schizophrenia (first visit November, 1995). She presented several comorbidities (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and morbid obesity), with a history of five previous hospitalizations (1995, 2012, January and May 2014, and April 2016).
Aims/methods
The patient was always prescribed depot antipsychotics: she was treated for 14 years with Zuclopentixol depot (discontinued due to dermic adverse reactions and weight gain). After a period with oral paliperidone (from 2012 until 2013) and due to lack of adherence to oral therapy, in August 2013 she was prescribed paliperidone palmitate. The treatment was discontinued after nine months (May 2014) due to weight gain, a significant increase of serum prolactin levels and two psychotic relapses that led to hospital admissions.
Results
She was then prescribed Fluphenazine decanoate depot for one year and 4 months, but she was switched to Aripiprazole once monthly (AOM) in September 2015 to avoid metabolic syndrome.
Conclusions
Non-personalized antipsychotic treatment in a patient with a complicated comorbidity history can result in lack of compliance and a risk of relapse, and in a worsening of her medical conditions, with the consequential negative impact in her functioning and quality of life. Based on our results, the treatment with AOM resulted in a positive evolution of the patient, with a good tolerability profile, in an improvement of treatment-caused adverse events (weight loss, and prolactin serum levels normalization); all factors that enable treatment adherence and good clinical response.
Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Decisions on the use of nature reflect the values and rights of individuals, communities and society at large. The values of nature are expressed through cultural norms, rules and legislation, and they can be elicited using a wide range of tools, including those of economics. None of the approaches to elicit peoples’ values are neutral. Unequal power relations influence valuation and decision-making and are at the core of most environmental conflicts. As actors in sustainability thinking, environmental scientists and practitioners are becoming more aware of their own posture, normative stance, responsibility and relative power in society. Based on a transdisciplinary workshop, our perspective paper provides a normative basis for this new community of scientists and practitioners engaged in the plural valuation of nature.
A complete electrohydrodynamic axisymmetric model of coaxial electrosprays under constant electrical permittivities and conductivities, and strict immiscibility of the liquids, is presented. The numerical solution of the model is experimentally validated, and a detailed portrait of the complex physics begotten by the large spectrum of variables involved is described in a choice of representative cases. The appearance of surface charge in both the outer and the inner free interfaces, and some of their interesting features, are revealed. Among those, the possibility of the appearance of a limited segment of opposite charge (negative, if the polarity of the applied potential is positive, or vice versa) in the inner free surface at the transition region illustrates the unexpected features exhibited by this complex system. This has fundamental physicochemical implications in the production of core–shell formulations or the use of the system in analytical chemistry, among a wide variety of applications.
In this paper, we define a Cayley–Dickson process for k-coalgebras proving some results that describe the properties of the final coalgebra, knowing the properties of the initial one. Namely, after applying the Cayley–Dickson process for k-coalgebras to a coassociative coalgebra, we obtain a coalternative one. Moreover, the first coalgebra is cocommutative if and only if the final coalgebra is coassociative. Finally we extend these results to a more general approach of D-coalgebras, where D is a k-coalgebra, presenting a class of examples of coalternative (non-coassociative) coalgebras obtained from group D-coalgebras.
The literature on socio-economic variations in the association between retirement timing and health is inconclusive and largely limited to the moderating role of occupation. By selecting the sample case of Mexico where a sizeable number of older adults have no or very little formal education, this study allows the moderating role of education to be tested properly. Drawing on panel data for 2,430 individuals age 50 and over from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) and combining propensity score matching models with fixed-effects regressions, this article investigates differences in the health effects of retirement timing between older adults with varying years of education. Subjective health is measured using a self-reported assessment of respondents’ overall health and physical health as a reverse count of doctor-diagnosed chronic diseases. The results indicate that early transitions into retirement are associated with worse health outcomes, but education fully compensates for the detrimental association with subjective and physical health, while adjusting for baseline health, demographics and socio-economic characteristics. In conclusion, formal education during childhood and adolescence is associated with a long-term protective effect on health. It attenuates negative health consequences of early retirement transitions. Policies and programmes promoting healthy and active ageing would benefit from considering the influence of formal education in shaping older adults’ health after the transition into retirement.