An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that meat products have digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) >100 and that various processing methods will increase standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and DIAAS. Nine ileal-cannulated gilts were randomly allotted to a 9 × 8 Youden square design with nine diets and eight 7-d periods. Values for SID of AA and DIAAS for two reference patterns were calculated for salami, bologna, beef jerky, raw ground beef, cooked ground beef and ribeye roast heated to 56, 64 or 72°C. The SID of most AA was not different among salami, bologna, beef jerky and cooked ground beef, but was less (P < 0·05) than the values for raw ground beef. The SID of AA for 56°C ribeye roast was not different from the values for raw ground beef and 72°C ribeye roast, but greater (P < 0·05) than those for 64°C ribeye roast. For older children, adolescents and adults, the DIAAS for all proteins, except cooked ground beef, were >100 and bologna and 64°C ribeye roast had the greatest (P < 0·05) DIAAS. The limiting AA for this age group were sulphur AA (beef jerky), leucine (bologna, raw ground beef and cooked ground beef) and valine (salami and the three ribeye roasts). In conclusion, meat products generally provide high-quality protein with DIAAS >100 regardless of processing. However, overcooking meat may reduce AA digestibility and DIAAS.

The humble pendulum is often invoked as the archetype of a simple, gravity driven, oscillator. Under ideal circumstances, the oscillation frequency of the pendulum is independent of its mass and swing amplitude. However, in most real-world situations, the dynamics of pendulums is not quite so simple, particularly with additional interactions between the pendulum and a surrounding fluid. Here we extend the realm of pendulum studies to include large amplitude oscillations of heavy and buoyant pendulums in a fluid. We performed experiments with massive and hollow cylindrical pendulums in water, and constructed a simple model that takes the buoyancy, added mass, fluid (nonlinear) drag and bearing friction into account. To first order, the model predicts the oscillation frequencies, peak decelerations and damping rate well. An interesting effect of the nonlinear drag captured well by the model is that, for heavy pendulums, the damping time shows a non-monotonic dependence on pendulum mass, reaching a minimum when the pendulum mass density is nearly twice that of the fluid. Small deviations from the model’s predictions are seen, particularly in the second and subsequent maxima of oscillations. Using time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV), we reveal that these deviations likely arise due to the disturbed flow created by the pendulum at earlier times. The mean wake velocity obtained from PIV is used to model an extra drag term due to incoming wake flow. The revised model significantly improves the predictions for the second and subsequent oscillations.

We present results on the global and local characterisation of heat transport in homogeneous bubbly flow. Experimental measurements were performed with and without the injection of ${\sim}2.5~\text{mm}$ diameter bubbles (corresponding to bubble Reynolds number $Re_{b}\approx 600$) in a rectangular water column heated from one side and cooled from the other. The gas volume fraction $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ was varied in the range 0 %–5 %, and the Rayleigh number $Ra_{H}$ in the range $4.0\times 10^{9}{-}1.2\times 10^{11}$. We find that the global heat transfer is enhanced up to 20 times due to bubble injection. Interestingly, for bubbly flow, for our lowest concentration $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=0.5\,\%$ onwards, the Nusselt number $\overline{Nu}$ is nearly independent of $Ra_{H}$, and depends solely on the gas volume fraction $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$. We observe the scaling $\overline{Nu}\,\propto \,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{0.45}$, which is suggestive of a diffusive transport mechanism, as found by Alméras et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 776, 2015, pp. 458–474). Through local temperature measurements, we show that the bubbles induce a huge increase in the strength of liquid temperature fluctuations, e.g. by a factor of 200 for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=0.9\,\%$. Further, we compare the power spectra of the temperature fluctuations for the single- and two-phase cases. In the single-phase cases, most of the spectral power of the temperature fluctuations is concentrated in the large-scale rolls/motions. However, with the injection of bubbles, we observe intense fluctuations over a wide range of scales, extending up to very high frequencies. Thus, while in the single-phase flow the thermal boundary layers control the heat transport, once the bubbles are injected, the bubble-induced liquid agitation governs the process from a very small bubble concentration onwards. Our findings demonstrate that the mixing induced by high Reynolds number bubbles ($Re_{b}\approx 600$) offers a powerful mechanism for heat transport enhancement in natural convection systems.

The working group is pursuing activities co-organized and/or co-sponsored by UN, ESA, NASA, JAXA, UNESCO, COSPAR, IAU and others for the world-wide development of basic space science.

This article applies the statistical concepts of affinity and distance to live-birth data and suggests that the method may be of relevance in population problems. The distributions among villages in Kerala, south-west India, of the number of live births in each religious grouping are compared, and measures of affinity and distance among these distributions calculated. Such distances calculated for three successive periods show secular trends which may indicate changing patterns of group behaviour.

In 1999, the US Food and Nutrition Board revised the Adequate Intake (AI) for calcium in pregnancy and recommended 1000 mg/day for adult pregnant women and 1300 mg/day for adolescent women (<19 years). Our interest, from the perspective of an international health organization, was to assess if pregnant women globally meet those requirements. This is particularly important because, among the various biological functions of calcium, the potential protective effect of adequate calcium intake in pregnancy on the risk of pre-eclampsia may have major public health implications, pre-eclampsia being one of the most important causes of maternal and perinatal mortality world-wide. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of studies, published from 1991 to 2004, that assessed calcium dietary intake in pregnant women. In addition, we conducted a multicentre survey of calcium dietary intake during pregnancy among nulliparous women attending antenatal care in developing countries. This survey was conducted before starting a large calcium supplementation multicentre trial: the WHO Calcium Supplementation Trial in Low Calcium Intake Women for the Prevention of Pre-eclampsia. This article presents the results of the systematic review and of the multicentre survey.

Given a holomorphic Hilbertian bundle on a compact complex manifold, we introduce the notion of holomorphic ${{L}^{2}}$ torsion, which lies in the determinant line of the twisted ${{L}^{2}}$ Dolbeault cohomology and represents a volume element there. Here we utilise the theory of determinant lines of Hilbertian modules over finite von Neumann algebras as developed in $[\text{CFM}]$. This specialises to the Ray-Singer-Quillen holomorphic torsion in the finite dimensional case. We compute a metric variation formula for the holomorphic ${{L}^{2}}$ torsion, which shows that it is not in general independent of the choice of Hermitian metrics on the complex manifold and on the holomorphic Hilbertian bundle, which are needed to define it. We therefore initiate the theory of correspondences of determinant lines, that enables us to define a relative holomorphic ${{L}^{2}}$ torsion for a pair of flat Hilbertian bundles, which we prove is independent of the choice of Hermitian metrics on the complex manifold and on the flat Hilbertian bundles.

Techniques currently available in the literature in dealing with problems in geometric probabilities seem to rely heavily on results from differential and integral geometry. This paper provides a radical departure in this respect. By using purely algebraic procedures and making use of some properties of Jacobians of matrix transformations and functions of matrix argument, the distributional aspects of the random p-content of a p-parallelotope in Euclidean n-space are studied. The common assumptions of independence and rotational invariance of the random points are relaxed and the exact distributions and arbitrary moments, not just integer moments, are derived in this article. General real matrix-variate families of distributions, whose special cases include the mulivariate Gaussian, a multivariate type-1 beta, a multivariate type-2 beta and spherically symmetric distributions, are considered.

Many studies have demonstrated the short-term efficacy of stimulant drugs in decreasing the symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, long-term studies have not shown a similar effect. In this study, we report an audit of the medium-term outcome of 50 children with ADHD referred to a mental health service and treated with stimulants for at least 6 months. A poor outcome group was identified consisting of 30% of the children. As a group, they received a significantly higher dose of stimulant. More studies, with prospective design, are required to examine the medium-term outcome of children with ADHD on medication.

This paper deals with a statistical technique of deriving new results on Meijer's G-function. Multiple integral as well as computable series representations are given. The method used is to derive the density of a product of independent beta-distributed random variables by using different statistical techniques, and then compare the expressions to get the desired results. The results obtained in this article do not seem to be available through standard mathematical techniques.

We consider one-parameter families of distributions which are of the general exponential type, the general series distribution type, or which can be transformed into the exponential type by a one-to-one transformation. In this paper we establish theorems to the effect that such distributions may be characterized by a simple differential equation involving the mean function. It is illustrated that almost all the classical one-parameter families of distributions are characterized by these theorems. Multivariate generalizations are given, and it is also noticed that the functional form of the normalizing factor determines the specific distribution in each general family.