This paper provides an up-to-date review of the problems related to the generation, detection and mitigation of strong electromagnetic pulses created in the interaction of high-power, high-energy laser pulses with different types of solid targets. It includes new experimental data obtained independently at several international laboratories. The mechanisms of electromagnetic field generation are analyzed and considered as a function of the intensity and the spectral range of emissions they produce. The major emphasis is put on the GHz frequency domain, which is the most damaging for electronics and may have important applications. The physics of electromagnetic emissions in other spectral domains, in particular THz and MHz, is also discussed. The theoretical models and numerical simulations are compared with the results of experimental measurements, with special attention to the methodology of measurements and complementary diagnostics. Understanding the underlying physical processes is the basis for developing techniques to mitigate the electromagnetic threat and to harness electromagnetic emissions, which may have promising applications.

Au cours des procédés de fabrication utilisant le PET (Poly-éthylène Téréphthalate) les déformations biaxiales vécues par le matériau induisent des changements importants de sa microstructure. La compréhension de ces modifications est cruciale pour permettre la mise au point de modèles prédictifs des caractéristiques mécaniques finales. Afin d'identifier les effets d'une sollicitation thermomécanique complexe sur la microstructure (cristallinité, orientation moléculaire, taille des zones cristallines), des essais de traction biaxiale, à chaud, ont été réalisées sur des éprouvettes amorphes. La microstructure du matériau a ensuite été étudiée par densimétrie, dichroïsme infra-rouge et diffraction X. Les influences du taux, de la vitesse et de la température d'élongation ainsi que du séquençage ont été étudiées.

Pedigree and marker data from a multiple-generation pig selection experiment have been analysed to screen for loci affecting quantitative traits (QTL). Pigs from a base population were selected either for low backfat thickness at fixed live weight (L-line) or high live weight at fixed age (F-line). Selection was based on single-trait own performance and DNA was available on selected individuals only. Genotypes for three marker loci with known positions on chromosome 4 were available. The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) was originally described in human genetics to test for linkage between a genetic marker and a disease-susceptibility locus, in the presence of association. Here, we adapt the TDT to test for linkage between a marker and QTL favoured by selection, and for linkage disequilibrium between them in the base population. The a priori unknown distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis, no linkage, was obtained via Monte Carlo simulation. Significant TDT statistics were found for markers AFABP and SW818 in the F-line, indicating the presence of a closely linked QTL affecting growth performance. In the L-line, none of the markers studied showed significance. This study emphasizes the potential of the TDT as a quick and simple approach to screen for QTL in situations where marker genotypes are available on selected individuals. The results suggest that previously identified QTL in crosses of genetically diverse breeds may also segregate in commercial selection lines.

L'histoire des crises économiques utilise depuis longtemps le phénomène des faillites comme indicateur des difficultés propres au cycle des affaires. Pourtant l'unanimité ne s'est pas encore faite sur le rôle et la place des défaillances d'entreprises au moment du retournement de la conjoncture et dans la dépression.

Malgré l'existence d'un fonds d'archives non négligeable pour l'ensemble de la France, la relation avec les crises économiques est rarement traitée. Hormis la tentative pionnière d'Ernest Labrousse et de ses collaborateurs en 1956, la nécessité d'une synthèse d'ensemble n'a émergé de la masse des travaux à base locale que tout récemment.