It has been shown that, in small groups of intact male domestic turkeys, supplementary ultraviolet (UV-A) radiation, visual barriers, and added straw (environmental enrichment) minimize the incidence of injurious pecking under incandescent light at 5 lux. This paper describes two experiments, each involving eight groups of 100 non beak-trimmed birds up to 5 weeks of age, that assessed the effectiveness of these procedures at higher light intensities and with fluorescent light. Experiment 1 examined 5 or 10 lux of incandescent or fluorescent light. Experiment 2 studied responses to 5, 10, 36 or 70 lux of fluorescent light. Individual inspections of the birds, for wing, tail and head injuries due to pecking, were conducted daily.

Fluorescent light significantly reduced the incidence of tail injuries (P = 0.03), and tended to reduce those to the wings (P = 0.08), compared with incandescent light. No difference was observed between 5 and 10 lux for either tail or wing injuries. In Experiment 2, the incidence of tail and wing injuries was significantly and positively correlated with light intensity (tail, P = 0.05; wing, P = 0.02). Injuries to the head were minimal in all treatments. These results suggest that turkey poults may be kept with minimal injurious pecking, under fluorescent light at an intensity of 10 lux, with appropriate environmental enrichment.

Background: Candidemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although risk factors for candidemia and other bloodstream infections (BSIs) overlap, little is known about patient characteristics and the outcomes of polymicrobial infections. We used data from the CDC Emerging Infections Program (EIP) candidemia surveillance to describe polymicrobial candidemia infections and to assess clinical differences compared with Candida-only BSIs. Methods: During January 2017–December 2017 active, population-based candidemia surveillance was conducted in 45 counties in 9 states covering ~6% of the US population through the CDC EIP. A case was defined as a blood culture with Candida spp in a surveillance-area resident; a blood culture >30 days from the initial culture was considered a second case. Demographic and clinical characteristics were abstracted from medical records by trained EIP staff. We examined characteristics of polymicrobial cases, in which Candida and ≥1 non-Candida organism were isolated from a blood specimen on the same day, and compared these to Candida-only cases using logistic regression or t tests using SAS v 9.4 software. Results: Of the 1,221 candidemia cases identified during 2017, 215 (10.2%) were polymicrobial. Among polymicrobial cases, 50 (23%) involved ≥3 organisms. The most common non-Candida organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 30, 14%), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 26, 12%), Enterococcus faecium (n = 17, 8%), and Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 15 each, 7%). Patients with polymicrobial cases were significantly younger than those with Candida-only cases (54.3 vs 60.7 years; P < .0004). Healthcare exposures commonly associated with candidemia like total parenteral nutrition (relative risk [RR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.60–1.13) and surgery (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.77–1.29) were similar between the 2 groups. Polymicrobial cases had shorter median time from admission to positive culture (1 vs 4 days, P < .001), were more commonly associated with injection drug use (RR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.46–2.61), and were more likely to be community onset-healthcare associated (RR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.50–2.44). Polymicrobial cases were associated with shorter hospitalization (14 vs 17 days; P = .031), less ICU care (RR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.51–0.83), and lower mortality (RR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.50–0.92). Conclusions: One in 10 candidemia cases were polymicrobial, with nearly one-quarter of those involving ≥3 organisms. Lower mortality among polymicrobial cases is surprising but may reflect the younger age and lower severity of infection of this population. Greater injection drug use, central venous catheter use, and long-term care exposures among polymicrobial cases suggest that injection or catheter practices play a role in these infections and may guide prevention opportunities.

Funding: None

Disclosures: None

Following a cluster of serious pseudomonas skin infections linked to a body piercing and tattooing premises, a look-back exercise was carried out to offer clients a screen for blood-borne viruses. Of those attending for screening 72% (581/809) had a piercing procedure in the premises of interest: 94 (16%) were under 16 years of age at the time of screening. The most common site of piercing was ear (34%), followed by nose (27%), nipple (21%) and navel (21%). A small number (<5) tested positive for hepatitis B and C, with no evidence this was linked to the premises. However, 36% (211/581) of clients reported a skin infection associated with their piercing. Using data from client forms, 36% provided a false age. Those aged under 16 years (OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.7–7.7) and those receiving a piercing at an intimate site (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.6) were more likely to provide a false age. The findings from this exercise were used to support the drafting of the Public Health (Wales) Bill which proposed better regulation of piercing premises and the need to provide proof of being 18 years of age or over before having a piercing of an intimate site.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma, or cylindroma, usually presents in the salivary glands or in the upper respiratory passages. We report an unusual case of adenoid cystic carcinoma in a 45-year-old woman who presented with a three-year history of progressive right trigeminal sensory palsy, most pronounced in the second division. There was, in addition, a right trigeminal motor palsy and a partial right 6th nerve palsy. CT scanning showed only a small soft tissue mass spanning an enlarged right foramen ovale. Solid adenoid cystic carcinoma was resected from Meckel’s cave via a middle cranial fossa approach. A subsequent biopsy of the right maxillary antral mucosa found tumor tissue. We concluded that the tumor originated in the maxillary antrum and spread posteriorly along the infraorbital nerve to enlarge in the foramen ovale. Radiation to a total of 5,000 cGy was given. At 22 months there was neither radiographic nor clinical evidence of recurrence. At 30 months, the development of unsteady gait signalled the presence of recurrent tumor extending backwards from Meckel’s cave into the right cerebello-pontine angle.

In a well-known 1964 essay on the “recovery” of American religious history, Henry F. May observed that some scholars had “revived” religious interpretations of the nation's greatest political crises, including the Civil War. But there was more work to be done. “A religious, or partly religious explanation of the Civil War,” May suggested, would “rest on two assertions: that serious and intractable moral conflicts were important in causing the war and that in nineteenth-century America such conflicts were particularly difficult to avoid or compromise because of the dominance of evangelical Protestantism in both sections.” In fact, both the importance of the moral conflict over slavery and the role of evangelicalism in intensifying hostilities were already attracting attention as historians reexamined previous emphases on economic factors and political bungling as explanations of a tragically unnecessary war.

Although viral marketing has garnered a great deal of attention in the trade press, almost nothing is known about the motivations, attitudes, and behaviors of the people (those sending the email to others) that constitute the essential component of any such strategy. This article reports the results of three studies that examine consumer responses and motivations to pass along email. Implications for target selection and message creation are discussed for advertising practitioners interested in implementing viral efforts, and suggestions for future research relating to computer-mediated consumer-to-consumer interactions are presented for academic researchers.These studies were sponsored by Planetfeedback.com (www.planetfeedback.com), an internet-based infomediary company based in Cincinnati.An earlier version of this work will appear as a chapter in the forthcoming book, Online Consumer Psychology, C. Haugvedt, K. Macleit, and R. Yalch (eds.).

An experiment was designed to test the response of growing pullets to two changes in photoperiod (an increase from 8 to 14 h followed 5 weeks later by the reverse change, or a decrease from 14 to 8 h followed by an increase). The first change was made either at 35 days or at 56 days of age, to test the influence of age on the responses observed. Control groups were kept on constant 8-h and constant 14-h photoperiods and the responses to appropriate single changes were also tested. Mean age at first egg varied from 111 days for birds given a single increment at 56 days to 166 days for pullets given an increase in photoperiod at 35 days followed by a reduction at 70 days. Responses to the single changes confirmed earlier reports that sensitivity to change in photoperiod varies with age in a manner that is quantitatively predictable. Responses to the double changes could be explained by postulating that the initial change altered the ‘physiological age’ of the bird to an extent that was also quantitatively predictable. An early increase in photoperiod advances sexual development and makes the bird more sensitive to a subsequent decrease than would be expected by reference to its chronological age. An early decrease in photoperiod delays sexual development, which can have the effect of making the bird more or less sensitive to a subsequent increase since, in layer-strain pullets, sensitivity to an increment in photoperiod normally increases up to about 9 weeks of age but decreases thereafter. Mean age at first egg predicted using these concepts was very highly correlated with observed age at first egg. The results provide a rational basis for constructing a model to predict age at first egg for any combination of increases and decreases in photoperiod applied to growing pullets.

A model is presented which will predict mean age at first egg (AFE) for pullets of laying strains reared under non-limiting environmental conditions but exposed to a single change in photoperiod during the rearing stage. An initial analysis of 12 previously reported trials involving a wide range of genotypes showed that the response to an increase in photoperiod is not simply the inverse of the response to an equal decrease in photoperiod applied at the same age. Maximum sensitivity to a reduction in photoperiod was found shortly before onset of lay, whereas maximum sensitivity to an increment in photoperiod was observed at around 10 weeks of age. Two experiments were conducted to provide further data. The first compared the effect of 3-h increases in photoperiod from 8 h to 11 h or from 11 h to 14 h with the double increment from 8 h to 14 h and also tested a reduction from 11 h to 8 h, all imposed at 17 weeks of age. AFE was advanced to a similar extent by the changes from 8 to 11 h and from 11 to 14 h (9.8 and 10.9 days respectively). Response to the double increment was not additive: AFE on this treatment was 13.3 days earlier than for constant 8 h controls. Reduction in photoperiod from 11 to 8 h at 17 weeks delayed AFE by 18.7 days compared with constant 11-h controls. In the second experiment, pullets of two strains were transferred from 8 to 16-h photoperiods and from 16 to 8 h at 5, 7, 9, 15, 17 and 19 weeks of age. Controls were kept on constant 8 and constant 16-h days. Transfer from 8 to 16-h photoperiods at 5 weeks of age had no effect on AFE. At 7 weeks there was a bimodal response with some pullets subsequently showing advanced maturity and others not. Maximum stimulation of early maturity (31 days on average for the two genotypes) was obtained at 9 weeks of age and response to stimulation declined linearly with age thereafter. The delay in AFE resulting from a reduction in photoperiod (16 to 8 h) increased linearly between 0 and 15 weeks. At 17 and 19 weeks, the response was bimodal, with some pullets maturing at the same age as long-day controls and others showing delayed maturity. Using all this evidence and some other unpublished data, a model is developed to predict AFE as a function of mean photoperiod and change in photoperiod during the rearing phase. Elements are incorporated to allow for the insensitivity of pullets younger than 50 days to an increase in photoperiod and the effect observed late in rearing when a change in photoperiod comes too late to alter AFE for the most precocious individuals in a flock. Two coefficients are required to adjust for genotype. One describes mean AFE for the genotype when reared on constant daylength and the other defines the rate at which age effects the response to a single change in photoperiod.

Background. Suicide prevention is a health priority in many countries. Improved management of suicide risk may improve suicide prevention. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of health district-wide training in the assessment and management of people at risk of suicide; and to assess the impact of training on assessment and management skills.

Methods. Staff in three health care settings, namely primary care, accident and emergency departments and mental health services (N = 359), were offered suicide risk management training in a district-wide programme, using a flexible ‘facilitator’ approach. The main outcomes were the rate of attendance at training, and changes in suicide risk assessment and management skills following training.

Results. It was possible to deliver training to 167 health professionals (47% of those eligible) during a 6 month training period. This included 95 primary care staff (39%), 21 accident and emergency staff (42%) and 51 mental health staff (78%). Of these, 103 (69%) attended all training. A volunteer sample of 28 staff who underwent training showed improvements in skills in the assessment and management of suicide risk. Satisfaction with training was high. The expected costs of district-wide training, if it were able to produce a 2·5% reduction in the suicide rate, would be £99747 per suicide prevented and £3391 per life year gained.

Conclusions. Training in the assessment and management of suicide risk can be delivered to approximately half the targeted staff in primary care, accident and emergency departments and mental health services. The current training package can improve skills and is well accepted. If it were to produce a modest fall in the suicide rate, such training would be cost-effective. However, a future training programme should develop a broader training package to reach those who will not attend.

An 8-h photoperiod, compared with 12-, 16- or 23-h photoperiods, has been shown to reduce the incidence of injurious pecking and leg problems in intact male turkeys but to result in lower body weights, slower sexual development and less efficient food conversion. The effect of 8 h of illumination given as a solid photoperiod, as eight 1-h periods equally spread through the 24 h or concentrated into a 12-h part of the day on the performance of BUT 8 intact male turkeys was investigated.

Fragmentation of the daily illumination increased body weight, improved food conversion efficiency but did not significantly affect food intake. Increased sexual displaying and significantly better food conversion between 16 and 20 weeks by the two intermittently illuminated groups strongly suggested that both regimens were interpreted as stimulatory daylengths. Generally, losses due to mortality and culling were higher in both fragmented groups, while injurious pecking was higher in 8(1L: ID) birds before 5 weeks and in birds given a 12-h ‘subjective day’ after 5 weeks than in 8-h controls. Culling due to leg problems was significantly higher in birds on the 8(1L:2D) regimen but the incidence of leg imperfections was minimal (< 0·037) in all groups. Both intermittent groups but the 8(1L: 2D) in particular, showed a reduced response to hand movement across the eyes compared with 8-h controls. The controls ate proportionately more food during their 16-h dark period than did the intermittent group during their 12-h ‘subjective night’, though both groups increased their ‘nocturnal’ feeding with age.

Injurious pecking can be a major cause of mortality in growing turkeys, particularly if given a long photoperiod. Consequently, birds are usually reared under low light intensity (<1 lux) and/or have their beaks trimmed. The influence of an 8, 12, 16 or 23 h photoperiod at an intensity of 1 or 10 lux on the performance of intact (not beak trimmed or de-snooded) BUT8 male turkeys was assessed in a 4 X2 empirical study.

Excessive injurious pecking in groups exposed to 10 lux light intensity on >12 h photoperiods necessitated an unscheduled reduction to 1 lux light intensity. Overall, light intensity did not significantly affect food intake, food conversion efficiency, growth or carcass composition. Groups exposed to 10 lux light intensity for all or part of the trial had higher losses and a greater incidence of pecking than birds maintained on al lux light intensity.

Growth was inconsistently affected by photoperiod, with birds on 12 h having the highest body weight at 108 days but no significant differences at 136 days. Patterns of food intake were variable but cumulatively to 136 days food intake was not significantly affected by daylength. Overall, but particularly after 108 days, birds on longer photoperiods converted food more efficiently. Mortality and the incidence of injurious pecking was positively correlated with photoperiod and breast meat yield and testicular weight were greater in birds on longer daylengths. There were no significant interactions between photoperiod and illuminance.

Films of copper(II) imidazolate, an aromatic, heterocyclic hydrocarbon polymer, have been synthesized in situ at room temperature on copper surfaces. The films were made using a copper(II) salt formed as a thin film on an metallic copper substrate with subsequent complexation and deprotonation of the imidazole molecule. The in-situ formed copper(II) imidazolate polymer films have been studied by elemental analyses, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron and Auger spectroscopy. The copper Auger parameter has been derived for the films.

A literature search was carried out for papers which described the intermittent lighting of laying hens and included information on mortality and behavioural responses. A review of 36 sets of mortality data indicated that intermittent lighting generally improved bird liveability, compared with that under conventional lighting. Biomittent lighting, which involved low total daily amounts of illumination, gave the greatest improvement. This brings into question welfare recommendations for a minimum of 8 h illumination per 24-h cycle. Asymmetrical and Biomittent intermittent lighting generally reduced vices, obesity and heat stress. Hens submitted to asymmetrical and Biomittent intermittent lighting had similar endocrine periodicities and patterns of activity to conventionally illuminated birds.

There is now general agreement among historians that American abolitionism developed out of religious origins. Considerable attention has been paid to the sources of antislavery feelings in previous religious movements, particularly the Finneyite revivals in New York and the benevolence societies led by Lyman Beecher in Massachusetts. What has not been sufficiently explored is the possibility that antislavery, at least in the minds of some of its chief advocates, was a religious movement in its own right, with its own distinctive approach to theological problems.1 And yet to pursue this possibility is merely to take seriously a complaint made by the denominations themselves against uncomprising abolitionists: that is, that abolitionists had abandoned organized religion because of their own dogmatic suspicion of all attempts to subject divine impulses to earthly forms of organization.