OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Our primary objective was to understand the relationship between incident or recent stressful events and adherence to HIV care in the context of other person, environment, and HIV-specific stressors in a sample of Black women living with HIV (WLWH). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with Black women living with HIV who receive care at an academic HIV primary care clinic in the Southern region of the United States to elicit stressful events influencing adherence to HIV care. Semi-structured interview guides were used to facilitate discussion regarding stressful events and adherence to HIV care. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were independently coded using a theme-based approach by two experienced coders, findings were compared, and discrepancies were resolved by discussion. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants described frequently experiencing incident stressful events including death or serious illness of a close friend or family member, and relationship, financial, and employment difficulties. Furthermore, participants reported experiencing traumatic events such as sexual and physical abuse during childhood and adolescents. While experiencing traumatic events such as sexual and physical abuse during childhood and adolescence may be distressing, these events did not influence adherence to HIV care. However, incident stressful events as defined above did influence adherence to HIV care for some participants, but not for others. For participants who reported that stressful events did not influence adherence to HIV care, factors such as personal motivation, access to social support, and adaptive coping strategies facilitated their engagement in care. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Experiencing stressful events, incident or traumatic, is common among Black WLWH and have the potential to negatively influence adherence to HIV care. Thus, Interventions aimed at identifying and addressing stress, social support, and coping are essential to improve adherence to HIV care behaviors.

One method to grow artificial body tissue is to place a porous scaffold seeded with cells, known as a tissue construct, into a rotating bioreactor filled with a nutrient-rich fluid. The flow within the bioreactor is affected by the movement of the construct relative to the bioreactor which, in turn, is affected by the hydrodynamical and gravitational forces the construct experiences. The construct motion is thus coupled to the flow within the bioreactor. Over the time scale of a few hours, the construct appears to move in a periodic orbit but, over tens of hours, the construct drifts from periodicity. In the biological literature, this effect is often attributed to the change in density of the construct that occurs via tissue growth. In this paper, we show that weak inertia can cause the construct to drift from its periodic orbit over the same time scale as tissue growth. We consider the coupled flow and construct motion problem within a rotating high-aspect-ratio vessel bioreactor. Using an asymptotic analysis, we investigate the case where the Reynolds number is large but the geometry of the bioreactor yields a small reduced Reynolds number, resulting in a weak inertial effect. In particular, to accurately couple the bioreactor and porous flow regions, we extend the nested boundary layer analysis of Dalwadi et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 798, 2016, pp. 88–139) to include moving walls and the thin region between the porous construct and the bioreactor wall. This allows us to derive a closed system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the construct trajectory, from which we show that neglecting inertia results in periodic orbits; we solve the inertia-free problem analytically, calculating the periodic orbits in terms of the system parameters. Using a multiple-scale analysis, we then systematically derive a simpler system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations that describe the long-time drift of the construct due to the effect of weak inertia. We investigate the bifurcations of the construct trajectory behaviour, and the limit cycles that appear when the construct is less dense than the surrounding fluid and the rotation rate is large enough. Thus, we are able to predict when the tissue construct will drift towards a stable limit cycle within the bioreactor and when it will drift out until it hits the bioreactor edge.

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to study the canonical problem of steady laminar flow through a narrow two-dimensional channel blocked by a tight-fitting finite-length highly permeable porous obstacle. We investigate the behaviour of the local flow close to the interface between the single-phase and porous regions (governed by the incompressible Navier–Stokes and Darcy flow equations, respectively). We solve for the flow in these inner regions in the limits of low and high Reynolds number, facilitating an understanding of the nature of the transition from Poiseuille to plug to Poiseuille flow in each of these limits. Significant analytical progress is made in the high Reynolds number limit, and we explore in detail the rich boundary layer structure that occurs. We derive general results for the interfacial stress and for the conditions that couple the flow in the outer regions away from the interface. We consider the three-dimensional generalization to unsteady laminar flow through and around a tight-fitting highly permeable cylindrical porous obstacle within a Hele-Shaw cell. For the high Reynolds number limit, we give the coupling conditions and interfacial stress in terms of the outer flow variables, allowing information from a nonlinear three-dimensional problem to be obtained by solving a linear two-dimensional problem. Finally, we illustrate the utility of our analysis by considering the specific example of time-dependent forced far-field flow in a Hele-Shaw cell containing a porous cylinder with a circular cross-section. We determine the internal stress within the porous obstacle, which is key for tissue engineering applications, and the interfacial stress on the boundary of the porous obstacle, which has applications to biofilm erosion. In the high Reynolds number limit, we demonstrate that the fluid inertia can result in the cylinder experiencing a time-independent net force, even when the far-field forcing is periodic with zero mean.

The last three years have witnessed a growing interest in the physical properties of the small bodies in the solar system. Perhaps the most significant impetus to research on small bodies has been the imminent arrival of Comet Halley in the inner solar system. This famous comet, which was recovered in autumn 1982, has been the object of intense study during the past year as it has approached the sun and developed a tail. Much of the international, ground-based astronomical research on Halley has been coordinated through the International Halley Watch program. Spacecraft from several nations have been successfully launched (or soon will be, we hope) and are on their way to intercept the comet and make close-up observations and in situ measurements. The commencement of spacecraft study of small bodies marks a new era in comet/asteroid science and, in coordination with ground-based and Earth-orbital observations, will result in unprecedented new knowledge about the origin of the solar system and about solar system processes. Although Halley is receiving the most attention, interest is also high in Comet Giacobini-Zinner, the vicinity of which will be probed by a diverted American spacecraft in September 1985. Upcoming spacecraft studies of comets through 1986 are described at the end of the comet section of this report. Asteroid exploration by spacecraft is also anticipated to begin in the near future. The trajectory of the NASA Gailieo Mission to Jupiter has been changed to permit close-encounter observations of the large main-belt asteroid 29 Amphitrite in December 1986; these observations will be conducted on a “best effort” basis only a few months after launch of Galileo. Interest is also high in Europe, the Soviet Union, and the United States in possible spacecraft missions to additional comets and asteroids during the 1990’s. If these efforts are pursued, there will be a concomitant ground-based effort. The last three years have also witnessed extremely productive efforts to observe small bodies from Earth orbit. For example, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite discovered a comet in 1983, which made the closest approach to the Earth of any comet in centuries. IRAS made important discoveries and measurements of other comets and also assembled an immense database on infrared brightnesses of thousands of numbered and unnumbered asteroids. The planned launch of the Hubble Space Telescope next year highlights the continuing potential for applying extremely powerful instrumental techniques to the study of comets and asteroids from above the Earth’s atmosphere.

The period covered by this report, 1984 July to 1987 June, was of extraordinary importance for the progress of cometary physics. For the first time in the history, special space probes were launched to comets. Vega 1, Vega 2 and Giotto encountered P/Halley, providing us with the first close-up pictures of a cometary nucleus, its surface features, and with the first in situ measurements of the matter escaping from it. ICE, Suisei and Sakigake carried out measurements relevant to P/Giacobini-Zinner and P/Halley in interplanetary space. Unprecedented worldwide campaigns of ground-based observations, with the participation of about 1000 professional and 2000 amateur astronomers, were coordinated in 8 sections of the International Halley Watch. Additional measurements were made from artificial satellites, sounding rockets, and highflying airplanes. The wealth of data collected in this way, to a major extent thanks to an excellent international cooperation, represents a milestone in cometary astronomy. Another important step was the progress in processing the extensive 1983 IRAS observations of minor planets and comets, including the discovery of asteroid dust bands and cometary dust trails.

III Zw 35 is a pair of galaxies characterised by intense OH maser emission, and powerful far-infrared and radio continuum. We have made a detailed study of the galaxy pair based on optical, infrared and radio observations. The brighter northern component is identified as a LINER or Seyfert galaxy and contains an active nuclear region from which radio continuum, OH maser and thermal dust emission are detected. We propose that the northern component has a compact active nucleus deeply embedded in an obscured region of diameter ~ 210 pc within which enhanced star-formation occurs. The lower luminosity, southern component is of low mass and is undergoing starburst activity over an extended region of diameter ~ 5.5 kpc. The origin of the starburst and non-thermal activity appears to be an interaction between the two components.

IAU Commission 40 for Radio Astronomy (hereafter C40) brought together scientists and engineers who carry out observational and theoretical research in radio astronomy and who develop and operate the ground and space-based radio astronomy facilities and instrumentation. As of June 2015, the Commission had approximately 1,100 members from 49 countries, corresponding to nearly 10 per cent of the total IAU membership.

Background: For adolescents with epilepsy, there is often a poor system in place to meet their individualized transition needs. Our objectives were 1) to develop epilepsy-specific transition care management plans (TCMPs) to ensure access, and attachment to adult healthcare providers, and 2) to identify strategies for providing support during the transition period, including through the development of physician and patient (or caregiver) navigated web-based tools, resources and recommendations for health system improvements. Methods: Physicians and nurses with expertise in areas including adult and pediatric epilepsy, family medicine, psychiatry, and varied allied health professionals were engaged to generate epilepsy-related TCMPs. Results: Through an iterative process spanning the course of over a year, TCMPs were developed to cover areas including: treatment responsive and resistant epilepsy, ketogenic diet, epilepsy surgery, women’s issues, mental health, and psychosocial aspects of epilepsy. The TCMPs referenced established guidelines and best practices in the literature wherever possible. Caregiver roles and responsibilities were outlined, remaining cognoscent of available provincial resources. Conclusions: Epilepsy specific TCMPs can be developed through a collaborative approach between pediatric and adult healthcare providers, easing the patient experience, creating educated accountability, and providing a forum to identify and address gaps of care in adolescents with epilepsy.

This paper describes the system architecture of a newly constructed radio telescope – the Boolardy engineering test array, which is a prototype of the Australian square kilometre array pathfinder telescope. Phased array feed technology is used to form multiple simultaneous beams per antenna, providing astronomers with unprecedented survey speed. The test array described here is a six-antenna interferometer, fitted with prototype signal processing hardware capable of forming at least nine dual-polarisation beams simultaneously, allowing several square degrees to be imaged in a single pointed observation. The main purpose of the test array is to develop beamforming and wide-field calibration methods for use with the full telescope, but it will also be capable of limited early science demonstrations.

The PULSE@Parkes project has been designed to monitor the rotation of radio pulsars over time spans of days to years. The observations are obtained using the Parkes 64-m and 12-m radio telescopes by Australian and international high school students. These students learn the basis of radio astronomy and undertake small projects with their observations. The data are fully calibrated and obtained with the state-of-the-art pulsar hardware available at Parkes. The final data sets are archived and are currently being used to carry out studies of 1) pulsar glitches, 2) timing noise, 3) pulse profile stability over long time scales and 4) the extreme nulling phenomenon. The data are also included in other projects such as gamma-ray observatory support and for the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array project. In this paper we describe the current status of the project and present the first scientific results from the Parkes 12-m radio telescope. We emphasise that this project offers a straightforward means to enthuse high school students and the general public about radio astronomy while obtaining scientifically valuable data sets.

The Parkes pulsar data archive currently provides access to 144044 data files obtained from observations carried out at the Parkes observatory since the year 1991. Around 105 files are from surveys of the sky, the remainder are observations of 775 individual pulsars and their corresponding calibration signals. Survey observations are included from the Parkes 70 cm and the Swinburne Intermediate Latitude surveys. Individual pulsar observations are included from young pulsar timing projects, the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array and from the PULSE@Parkes outreach program. The data files and access methods are compatible with Virtual Observatory protocols. This paper describes the data currently stored in the archive and presents ways in which these data can be searched and downloaded.

We report a study of the relation between dust and gas over a 100 deg2 area in the Taurus molecular cloud. We compare the H2 column density derived from dust extinction with the CO column density derived from the 12CO and 13CO J = 1 → 0 lines. We derive the visual extinction from reddening determined from 2MASS data. The comparison is done at an angular size of 200′′, corresponding to 0.14 pc at a distance of 140 pc. We find that the relation between visual extinction AV and N(CO) is linear between AV ≃ 3 and 10 mag in the region associated with the B213–L1495 filament. In other regions the linear relation flattens for AV ≳ 4 mag. Accounting for the observed relation between the column density of CO and CO2 ices and AV, we find a linear relationship between the column of carbon monoxide and dust for observed visual extinctions up to the maximum value in our data  ≃23  mag.

Postprandial hypotension may be influenced by the digestion of fat. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hypothesis that products of fat digestion mediate the hypotensive response to fat. In part A of the study, nine healthy older subjects were studied on three separate occasions in randomised order. Blood pressure, heart rate (HR), plasma TAG and gastric emptying were measured following the ingestion of equivolaemic drinks: (1) 300 ml of high-fat drink (88 % fat); (2) fat drink mixed with 120 mg orlistat (lipase inhibitor); (3) water (control). In part B of the study, ten healthy older subjects were studied on two separate occasions. Blood pressure, HR, plasma TAG and superior mesenteric artery flow were measured during 90 min intraduodenal infusions of 10 % intralipid (2·7 ml/min), with and without 120 mg orlistat. Oral fat ingestion was associated with decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures (both P = 0·0001) that were greater when orlistat was co-administered (both P < 0·05), and an increase in HR (P = 0·0001) that was inhibited by orlistat co-administration (P < 0·03). Gastric emptying was slowed by oral fat digestion, and orlistat administration inhibited this slowing (P < 0·04). Intraduodenal fat infusion was not associated with changes in blood pressure but increased HR (P < 0·0001), an effect attenuated by orlistat (P < 0·05). In conclusion, orlistat potentiates the hypotensive response to oral fat in older adults, possibly as a result of faster gastric emptying of fat. The results do not support a role for fat digestion in lowering blood pressure.

Ion beam sputter-deposition has been used to produce high temperature superconducting (HTSC) thin films with controlled orientation. Room temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies of ion beam sputter-deposited Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films indicate that the growth mode depends on whether the films are a- or c-axis oriented. The c-axis oriented films appear to grow by a screw dislocation mechanism, producing layered spirals similar to those observed in films grown by plasma sputtering and laser ablation-deposition. STM images of the a-axis oriented films show a growth mode which appears to produce layered structures perpendicular to the substrate with no spirals. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) studies of the a- and c-axis oriented films tend to reflect the anisotropy of the Y-Ba-Cu-O structure. Both the c-axis and the a-axis oriented films have semiconducting characteristics, possibly due to a native oxide, with a band gap estimated to be 1.4 eV. The c-axis oriented film, however, exhibits more fine structure in its density of states. This apparent anisotropie band structure reflects the anisotropie Y-Ba-Cu-O microstructure and superconducting characteristics. Investigations with x-ray photcelectron spectroscopy (XPS) establish a substantial chemical difference between the two surfaces inferring more substantial native oxides and air-induced by-products on the a-axis oriented film.

The use of single-mode cavities has been recognized as a viable technique for sintering and joining ceramics and for creating microwave plasma for materials processing. It is often reported, however, that tuning these cavities at lower and higher temperatures critically depends on the types of materials being processed, the variation of ε* as a function of temperature, the size and shape of samples, and the overall heating system configuration with and without insulation.

In this paper we use the finite-difference time-domain technique to address the performance of the single-mode cavity heating system under a wide variety of heating conditions and system configurations. Specifically, practical issues such as limiting values of sample sizes, the dependence of optimal sample sizes on the complex permittivity of materials under test, the role of sample shape on enhancing uniformity of heating patterns, and various tradeoffs involved in utilizing various cavity modes and/or SiC rods as stimulus for heating large samples are evaluated.

Device-quality Si films have been prepared by using graphite strip heaters for zone melting poly-Si films deposited on SiO2-coated substrates. The electrical characteristics of these films have been studied by the fabrication and evaluation of thin-film resistors, Mosfets and MOS capacitors. High yields of functional transistor arrays and ring oscillators with promising speed performance have been obtained for CMOS test circuit chips fabricated in recrystallized Si films on 2-inch-diameter Si wafers. Dualgate Mosfets with a three-dimensional structure have been fabricated by using the zone-melting recrystallization technique.