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Structural compromises are one of the important underpinnings of the developmental origins of health and disease. Quantifying anatomic changes during development is difficult but improved technology for clinical imaging has brought new research opportunities for visualizing such alterations. During prenatal life, maternal malnutrition, toxic social stress and exposure to toxic chemicals change fetal organ structures in specific ways. High placental resistance suppresses cardiomyocyte endowment. New imaging techniques allow quantification of nephrons in cadaverous kidneys without tedious dissection. High fat diets can lead to fatty liver and fibrosis. Pancreatic islet numbers and function are compromised by poor maternal diets. Both social and nutritional stressors change wiring and cellular composition of the brain for life. Advances in optical imaging also offer exciting new technologies for viewing structure and function in cells stressed during development.
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