OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Supported by the State of Alabama, the Alabama Genomic Health Initiative (AGHI) is aimed at preventing and treating common conditions with a genetic basis. This joint UAB Medicine-HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology effort provides genomic testing, interpretation, and counseling free of charge to residents in each of Alabama’s 67 counties. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Launched in 2017, as a state-wide population cohort, AGHI (1.0) enrolled 6,331 Alabamians and returned individual risk of disease(s) related to the ACMG SF v2.0 medically actionable genes. In 2021, the cohort was expanded to include a primary care cohort. AGHI (2.0) has enrolled 750 primary care patients, returning individual risk of disease(s) related to the ACMG SF v3.1 gene list and pre-emptive pharmacogenetics (PGx) to guide medication therapy. Genotyping is done on the Illumina Global Diversity Array with Sanger sequencing to confirm likely pathogenic / pathogenic variants in medically actionable genes and CYP2D6 copy number variants using Taqman assays, resulting in a CLIA-grade report. Disease risk results are returned by genetic counselors and Pharmacogenetics results are returned by Pharmacists. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We have engaged a statewide community (>7000 participants), returning 94 disease risk genetic reports and 500 PGx reports. Disease risk reports include increased predisposition to cancers (n=38), cardiac diseases (n=33), metabolic (n=12), other (n=11). 100% of participants harbor an actionable PGx variant, 70% are on medication with PGx guidance, 48% harbor PGx variants and are taking medications affected. In 10% of participants, pharmacists sent an active alert to the provider to consider/ recommend alternative medication. Most commonly impacted medications included antidepressants, NSAIDS, proton-pump inhibitors and tramadol. To enable the EMR integration of genomic information, we have developed an automated transfer of reports into the EMR with Genetics Reports and PGx reports viewable in Cerner. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We share our experience on pre-emptive implementation of genetic risk and pharmacogenetic actionability at a population and clinic level. Both patients and providers are actively engaged, providing feedback to refine the return of results. Real time alerts with guidance at the time of prescription are needed to ensure future actionability and value.

The vortex shedding topology of a heavy pendulum oscillating in a dense fluid is investigated using time-resolved three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (tr-3-D-PTV). A series of experiments with eight different solid to fluid mass ratios $m^*$ in the range $[1.14, 14.95]$ and corresponding Reynolds numbers of up to $Re \sim O(10^4)$ was conducted. The period of oscillation depends heavily on $m^*$. The relation between amplitude decay and oscillation frequency is non-monotonic, having a damping optimum at $m^* \approx 2.50$. Moreover, a novel digital object tracking (DOT) method using vorticity-magnitude iso-surfaces is implemented to analyse vortical structures. A similar vortex shedding topology is observed for various mass ratios $m^*$. Our observations show that first, a vortex ring in the pendulum's wake is formed. Soon after, the initial ring breaks down to two clearly distinguishable structures of similar size. One of the two vortices remains on the circular path of the pendulum, while the other detaches, propagates downwards, and eventually dissipates. The time when the first vortex is shed, and its initial propagation velocity, depend on $m^*$ and the momentum imparted by the spherical bob. The findings further show good agreement between the experimentally determined vortex shedding frequency and the theoretical vortex shedding time scale based on the Strouhal number.

Poultry manure (PM) has been shown to boost crop productivity. However, little is known about its favorable interactions with wood biochar (B) on sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) growth and yield, and soil qualities. Hence, a 2-year field trial was conducted in the southwest Nigeria at two locations (Owo – site A and Obasooto – site B) to co-apply PM and wood B as soil amendments to boost sweet potato productivity and soil quality. The experiment consisted of a 3 × 4 factorial layout with three replications. PM and B significantly reduced soil bulk density and improved porosity and moisture content with their rate of application when compared to the control. As PM and B applications increased from 0 to 10.0 t ha−1 and 0 to 30.0 t ha−1, respectively, soil chemical properties and sweet potato growth and tuber yield increased. Co-application of 10.0 t ha−1 PM and 30.0 t ha−1 B increased tuber yield by 220% compared to treatments without PM or B. Significant synergistic interactions between PM and B were observed for all parameters. In comparison with other treatments, co-applying PM and B to sweet potato soils is a viable sustainable option for increasing sweet potato productivity and soil sustainability.

This article introduces an innovative theoretical conception of the corporate agency of international organizations (IOs). Existing rationalist and constructivist accounts attribute IO agency to the influence of intra-organizational agents. Drawing on general conceptions of corporate agency in International Relations, sociology, and philosophy, we elucidate how IOs can develop corporate agency, even if the member states prepare and adopt all organizational decisions themselves. In line with recent studies on international political authority, we replace the IO-as-bureaucracy model with the more comprehensive concept of IOs-as-governors. To establish the micro-foundations of IO agency, we adopt a bottom-up perspective and outline how, and under which conditions, IO agency arises from the interaction of constituent actors. Irrespective of any specific institutional design, IOs become actors in their own right whenever they gain action capability and autonomy. They acquire action capability whenever their members pool governance resources like the right to regulate certain activities or to manage common funds and authorize IOs to deploy these resources. IOs gain autonomy whenever they affect organizational decisions. Both dimensions of IO agency are variable and open to empirical enquiry. To illustrate our argument, we refer to the United Nations Security Council and other IOs with member-driven decision processes.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Neonatal endotracheal tubes (ETTs) are usually uncuffed to avoid subglottic stenosis and other complications, but cuffed ETTs allow better ventilation. Our goal was to detect and control pressure in the cuff below the limit of occluding venous flow to minimize the risk of subglottic stenosis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We designed a pressure sensor to fit on a 2.5 ETT for prototype testing in 8 age adult female rabbits. Eight uncuffed age- and sex- matched rabbits served as control. Study duration was 2 hours during which pressure in the cuff was limited by novel sensor (intervention) or auscultation (control). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane. Ventilation was provided mechanically. Subsequently the tracheae were removed, sectioned crosswise, and compared histologically for mucosal damage. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary data demonstrated an almost 30% greater amount of intact mucosa in the intervention group. The sensor also provided data on heart rate and respiratory rate, although this signal was not optimal. After filing an invention disclosure and provisional patent, we are refining our device to include multiple compartments for local control of cuff pressure and applying for a STTR Phase I/II application. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Ventilation in neonates with uncuffed ETTs can be suboptimal due to leak around the tube, but cuffed ETTs pose the threat of subglottic stenosis and other complications. We have designed a prototype cuffed ETT with a sensor to maintain low cuff pressure while preventing leaks and largely avoiding damage to the tracheal mucosa.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Neonatal endotracheal tubes (ETTs) are usually uncuffed to avoid subglottic stenosis and other complications, but cuffed ETTs allow better ventilation. Our goal was to detect and control pressure in the cuff below the limit of occluding venous flow to minimize the risk of subglottic stenosis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We designed a pressure sensor to fit on a 2.5 ETT for prototype testing in 8 age adult female rabbits. Eight uncuffed age- and sex- matched rabbits served as control. Study duration was 2 hours during which pressure in the cuff was limited by novel sensor (intervention) or auscultation (control). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane. Ventilation was provided mechanically. Subsequently the tracheae were removed, sectioned crosswise, and compared histologically for mucosal damage. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary data demonstrated an almost 30% greater amount of intact mucosa in the intervention group. The sensor also provided data on heart rate and respiratory rate, although this signal was not optimal. After filing an invention disclosure and provisional patent, we are refining our device to include multiple compartments for local control of cuff pressure and applying for a STTR Phase I/II application. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Ventilation in neonates with uncuffed ETTs can be suboptimal due to leak around the tube, but cuffed ETTs pose the threat of subglottic stenosis and other complications. We have designed a prototype cuffed ETT with a sensor to maintain low cuff pressure while preventing leaks and largely avoiding damage to the tracheal mucosa.

Back pain is one of the largest drivers of workplace injury and lost productivity in industries around the world. Back injuries were one of the leading reasons in resulting in days away from work at 38.5% across all occupations, increasing for manual laborers to 43%. While the cause of the back pain can vary across occupations, for materiel movers it is often caused from repetitive poor lifting. To reduce the issues, the Aerial Porter Exoskeleton (APEx) was created. The APEx uses a hip-mounted, powered exoskeleton attached to an adjustable vest. An onboard computer calculates the configuration of the user to determine when to activate. Lift form is assisted by using a novel lumbar brace mounted on the sides of the hips. Properly worn, the APEx holds the user upright while providing additional hip torque through a lift. This was tested by having participants complete a lifting test with the exoskeleton worn in the “on” configuration compared with the exoskeleton not worn. The APEx has been shown to deliver 30 Nm of torque in lab testing. The activity recognition algorithm has also been shown to be accurate in 95% of tested conditions. When worn by subjects, testing has shown average peak reductions of 14.9% BPM, 8% in VO2 consumption, and an 8% change in perceived effort favoring the APEx.

We argue that social support can be helpful or hurtful in the context of performance outcomes for employees experiencing co-worker exclusion. We contend that employees' perceptions of co-worker exclusion are negatively associated with task performance and citizenship, and positively associated with interpersonal deviance. We further contend that whether social support strengthens or weakens the negative performance outcomes of co-worker exclusion depends on whether the source of social support is from co-workers or family and friends. Using data obtained from 135 supervisor–subordinate dyads across various occupational positions, we find that co-worker support is hurtful, whereas family and friends support is helpful. We also find a three-way interaction: task performance suffers most when employees who feel highly excluded also perceive higher co-worker support and lower family and friends support. These results suggest a need for a more nuanced view of social exchange/support, and build our knowledge about ambivalent relationships.