Over the past five years the Supreme Court of Canada has addressed on three occasions the implications of the 1982 Charter of Rights and Freedoms for the principle of judicial independence. The justices agree that the Court's new role as guardian of constitutionally entrenched civil rights and liberties demands an expansion in its immunity from legislative and executive influence. The hoary principle of judicial independence can no longer be confined to such individual elements as security of salary and tenure but must encompass an institutional element, “reflected in [a court's] institutional or administrative relationships to the executive and legislative branches of government.” The “modern understanding of judicial independence,” according to Chief Justice Brian Dickson, recognizes that the Canadian judiciary is no longer confined to the resolution of disputes in individual cases but plays the role of “protector of the Constitution and the fundamental values embodied in it—rule of law, fundamental justice, equality, preservation of the democratic process, to name perhaps the most important.” It is not enough, therefore, to ensure the impartiality of judges in individual cases. Courts must “be completely separate in ‘authority and function’ from all other branches of government.” Accordingly, the Court ruled in a 1989 case that a royal commission of inquiry cannot compel judges involved in a matter being investigated to testify as to the reasons for their judicial decision.

Extragalactic planetary nebulae (PNe) and globular clusters (GCs) are complementary tools for obtaining kinematic information on stellar populations in the outer halos elliptical galaxies. NGC 5128, as the nearest large elliptical (D ~ 3.5 Mpc), is an excellent galaxy for halo studies. We have now identified a total of 1140 PNe, and possess radial velocities for 736 PNe at distances out to 80 and 50 kpc along the photometric axes. There is clear evidence for kinematic axis twisting (triaxiality) in the PNe velocity field. The mass of NGC 5128 continues to rise out to 80 kpc, where M(< 80 kpc) ~ 6.4 x 1011M⊙ with M80/LB ~ 20. We also conducted a new survey for GCs out to 50 and 30 kpc, and now have radial velocities for 188 GCs (125 new). Both the red and blue GC systems exhibit rotation. The red (metal-rich) GCs share a misaligned kinematic axis with the PNe. The success of this survey bodes well for future galaxy halo studies.

According to the theory of representative bureaucracy, passive representation among public employees will lead to active representation in bureaucratic outputs. Existing research demonstrates that the link between passive and active representation exists for race but not for sex. Past research on this topic has not, however, taken into account the contextual environment that affects whether sex will translate into gender and lead to active representation in the bureaucracy. In this paper, we create a framework that specifies the conditions that affect whether passive representation results in active representation for sex and then test this framework using the case of education. We find that passive representation of women in education leads to active representation and that the institutional context affects the extent to which this link between passive and active representation occurs.

A retrospective review of 240 patients with T1/T2 squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx was performed. Seventy-two per cent had glottic primaries, 27 per cent had supraglottic tumours and one per cent had subglottic disease. Sixty-nine per cent presented with T1 disease and 31 per cent had T2 staged tumours. All patients were treated with definitive radiotherapy between 1973 and 1997.

With a median follow-up of 68 months, 68 patients (28 per cent) have developed 72 other cancers. Ten of 68 presented with synchronous primaries (15 per cent). Thirty per cent of glottic patients and 25 per cent of the supraglottic/subglottic patients developed second cancers. The most frequent second malignancy was lung cancer: 28/72 (39 per cent). Fifteen patients developed second head and neck cancers (21 per cent). Other second primary sites included oesophagus (eight), prostate (six), colorectal (five), breast (two) and others (eight). The median time from radiotherapy until the development of a second cancer was 31 months. The Kaplan-Meier survival estimate at five years was significantly less for those patients developing second cancers (55 per cent) compared to those not developing second malignancies (70 per cent), (p<0.05). The median survival from the development of a second cancer was 14 months. More died as a result of a second cancer (41 patients) than their primary laryngeal cancer (40 patients). Second cancers are common and deadly in patients with early stage laryngeal carcinoma.

We have conducted a wide-field optical survey of NGC 5128 (Cen A), the nearest large elliptical galaxy (3.5 Mpc). From UBVRI imaging and spectroscopic follow-up, we have identified and obtained kinematics for 125 new globular clusters out to a projected radius of 40 kpc. We also extend our survey of field star kinematics in NGC 5128, and now possess a total of 736 radial velocities for planetary nebulae out to a projected radius of 80 kpc.

1. • The PNe sample along the photometric major axis shows significant rotational support out to 80 kpc.

2. • The blue globular clusters seem to possess little or no angular momentum.

3. • The kinematics of the red globular cluster sample show some evidence for rotation around an axis common to that of the field stars.

Cranial nerve damage following head and neck radiotherapy is an unusual event. Cranial neuropathy following concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy is unreported. The authors report a case of a 54-year-old man treated with curative chemotherapy and radiotherapy for a stage III nasopharyngeal carcinoma who developed an unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy five years after therapy. Follow-up examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) show no evidence of recurrent disease. Hypoglossal nerve injury occurring after head and neck radiotherapy is an indirect effect due to progressive soft tissue fibrosis and loss of vascularity. This process develops over years leading to nerve entrapment and permanent damage. Cranial nerve palsies, including damage to the hypoglossal nerve, can develop years after therapy with no evidence of tumour recurrence. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have improved progression-free and overall survival in advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. As more patients achieve long-term tumour control following chemotherapy and radiotherapy, we must be cognizant of potential late injury to cranial nerves.

In recent experiments we have patterned smooth HOPG surfaces with periodic arrays of nanometer dimension holes on a 20nm lattice using two-dimensional (2-D) protein crystals as templates. The bacterial cell wall crystals were deposited on HOPG substrate and overcoated at oblique incidence with an ultrathin (3.5 nmn) TiO2 film. Fast atom beam (FAB) milling patterns the TiO2 film into a screen having the protein lattice periodicity and the screen then acts as a mask for the pattern transfer to the HOPG substrate. This method provides an inexpensive, “benchtop,” intrinsically parallel technique for the periodic nanostructuring of surfaces. Here we extend it to the patterning of silicon single crystal surfaces. We will describe the use of silane coupling agents to enable protein adhesion with the cytoplasmic side up, as is preferable for the patterning. We will show AFM images of the T1O2 -protein-silicon composite surface at various stages of the fabrication process.

Probably no range weed has received such immediate and widespread attention as halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus (M. Bieb.) C. A. Mey.) following the large losses of sheep caused by this plant in 1949. Halogeton was first identified in the United States from a specimen collected south of Wells, Nevada, in 1934 (5). Its poisonous properties were discovered in 1942 (7). The time and method of its introduction into the United States are unknown. It is known to be a native of the arid and semiarid plateau regions east of the Caspian Sea and to extend into northwestern China and southwestern Siberia and southward as far as the highlands of Afghanistan and northwestern India.