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1 results

  • Chapter 8 - The Necessary Violence of Frantz Fanon and Malcolm X in Global Black Revolution

  • from II - Culture and Politics
  • Edited by Shelly Eversley
  • Book:
    African American Literature in Transition, 1960–1970
    Published online:
    10 November 2022
    Print publication:
    24 November 2022, pp 199-226

  • Summary

    Engaging with the rich complexities of revolution, this chapter troubles the accepted narrative of Black resistance in 1960s America, specifically the uses of violence, and the ways it stretches the movement across space and time. It considers the violence of Black protest in the 1960s in more expansive terms, going beyond the turn-the-other-cheek violence of what often is described as nonviolent protest. Engaging with Malcolm X’s Autobiography (1965) and selected speeches, read through the influence of Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth (1961), this essay reads the two as representative of a global Black model of revolution predicated on outwardly directed violence. This chapter’s counter-narrative challenges the geography, temporality, and structure of Black revolution in the 1960s, decentering the U.S., acknowledging the influence of French intellectualism, and reaching back to acts of resistance of earlier generations, ultimately complicating the linear narrative of nation-bound, peaceful protest that has come to define Civil Rights.