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  • Chapter 24 - Fetal Growth Restriction: Diagnosis and Management
    • from Fetal Growth and Well-being
  • Edited by Mark D. Kilby, University of Birmingham, Anthony Johnson, Dick Oepkes
  • Book: Fetal Therapy
  • Published online: 21 October 2019
  • Print publication: 02 January 2020, pp 264-278
  • View extract

    Summary

    Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is defined as failure of the fetus to achieve its genetically determined growth potential due to an underlying pathological process [1]. FGR affects approximately 10% of all pregnancies and is a major determinant of perinatal and childhood mortality and morbidity, as well as chronic disease in adulthood [2–4]. A challenge in studying FGR is the lack of a gold standard definition and clear diagnostic criteria. Small for gestational age (SGA) is often used interchangeably with FGR but fails to differentiate between the constitutionally small but healthy fetus and the pathologically growth-restricted fetus. SGA is typically defined as a baby <10th centile, but 40% of these babies are physiologically small and healthy, therefore fetal size alone cannot be used to differentiate SGA from FGR. Assessment of functional parameters has been proposed to improve diagnostic accuracy but may still miss the larger baby (>10th centile) that is also in fact growth restricted. The importance of accurately diagnosing FGR is that it identifies the potential risk of fetal demise or perinatal complications, which may be averted via appropriate monitoring and optimized delivery.

The Life of the Rev. John Wesley, M.A.
  • The Life of the Rev. John Wesley, M.A.
  • Some Time Fellow of Lincoln-College, Oxford
  • Volume 2
  • John Whitehead
  • Published online: 05 July 2014
  • Print publication: 06 May 2013
  • View description
    Published in 1793–6, amid controversy following the death of John Wesley (1703–91), this two-volume work vied with others for status as the most authentic biography of the Methodist leader. Wesley had left his papers to his physician John Whitehead (c.1740–1804) and the ministers Thomas Coke and Henry Moore, but Whitehead monopolised the papers in the preparation of his biography, refusing to allow his fellow executors access - the dispute is mentioned in the prefatory matter to Volume 1. Volume 2 continues the narrative from Wesley's voyage to America in 1735 until his death. It also includes assessments of his character and writings, as well as Whitehead's analysis of the state of Methodism at the time of writing. This remains an important critical appraisal of the movement's early history, offering researchers valuable insights into the contemporary debates over the future and structure of Methodism.

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