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52 results

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The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
  • Volume 1: Building a Program of Research
  • Edited by Austin Lee Nichols, John Edlund
  • Published online: 25 May 2023
  • Print publication: 08 June 2023
  • The first of three volumes, the five sections of this book cover a variety of issues important in developing, designing, and analyzing data to produce high-quality research efforts and cultivate a productive research career. First, leading scholars from around the world provide a step-by-step guide to doing research in the social and behavioral sciences. After discussing some of the basics, the various authors next focus on the important building blocks of any study. In section three, various types of quantitative and qualitative research designs are discussed, and advice is provided regarding best practices of each. The volume then provides an introduction to a variety of important and cutting-edge statistical analyses. In the last section of the volume, nine chapters provide information related to what it takes to have a long and successful research career. Throughout the book, example and real-world research efforts from dozens of different disciplines are discussed.

  • 16 - Sex Differences and Sex Similarities

  • from Part II - Middle-Level Theories
  • Edited by Todd K. Shackelford, Oakland University, Michigan
  • Book: The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology
  • Published online: 30 June 2022
  • Print publication: 21 July 2022, pp 360-389

  • Summary

    The sciences have been perennially interested in understanding similarities and differences between the sexes. Among humans, both males and females seek to secure serially monogamous partnerships with kind and intelligent mates similar to themselves. However, the sexes differ in the relative value placed on resources and physical attractiveness, their willingness to engage in short-term liaisons, and jealousy in response to emotional and sexual infidelities. Consideration of cultural factors, modern relationship innovations, and diversity in sexual orientation and gender identity provides further complexity to our understanding of similarities and differences. Recommendations are made for future research in these areas, and the societal implications of evolutionary work on the sexes is discussed.

  • 19 - Development and Applications of Item Response Theory

  • from Part Five - New Statistical Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences
  • Edited by John E. Edlund, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, Austin Lee Nichols
  • Book: Advanced Research Methods for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
  • Published online: 22 February 2019
  • Print publication: 14 March 2019, pp 309-327

  • Summary

    Item response theory (IRT) represents an alternative measurement approach to Classical test theory (CTT) that has been developed to address some of the key limitations in CTT. IRT utilizes a logistic function to jointly scale both person characteristics (e.g. ability) and task characteristics (e.g. difficulty) along a common metric, and is grounded upon the notion that different item sets should not result in different scaling solutions. This provides IRT with a number of advantages over CTT; namely that the performances of individuals who are administered different sets of tasks may still be justifiably compared. From this basis, the IRT approach has established its utility through its applications in such varied contexts as adaptive testing, cognitive diagnostic modeling, item difficulty modeling, and latent class analyses. The current chapter focuses on applied issues in measurement with IRT, with emphasis on its distinct advantages over traditional approaches.

  • 2 - Reliability and Validity of Measurement in the Social and Behavioral Sciences

  • from Part One - Performing Good Research
  • Edited by John E. Edlund, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, Austin Lee Nichols
  • Book: Advanced Research Methods for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
  • Published online: 22 February 2019
  • Print publication: 14 March 2019, pp 21-37

  • Summary

    In this chapter, the authors review concepts related to reliability and validity of measurement in the social sciences. Necessarily eschewing detailed reviews of statistical methods to examine reliability and validity of measurement, the authors focus on terse discussion on key concepts and elementary methods. In addition, given the immense literatures on topics the authors could only discuss in brief, the authors point to sources that provide helpful, focused treatments of undiscussed ideas and techniques. Authors conclude that, given reliability and validity of measurement is crucial to perform scientific research, social scientists ought to prioritize establishing evidence for reliability/validity of measurement for social scientists’ measures and experimental methods.

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