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7 results

  • The developmental trajectory of diurnal cortisol in autistic and neurotypical youth

  • Blythe A. Corbett, Trey McGonigle, Rachael A. Muscatello, Jinyuan Liu, Simon Vandekar
  • Journal:
    Development and Psychopathology , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 July 2023, pp. 1-12
    • Article
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  • Increasing age and puberty affect the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis maturation, which is likely associated with an increase in environmental demands (e.g., social) and vulnerability for the onset of psychiatric conditions (e.g., depression). There is limited research as to whether such patterns are consonant in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a condition marked by social challenges, dysregulation of the HPA axis, and higher rates of depression setting the stage for enhanced vulnerability during this developmental period.

    The current study interrogated diurnal cortisol by examining (1) cortisol expression longitudinally over the pubertal transition between autistic and neurotypical youth, (2) the trajectory of diurnal cortisol and the unique contributions of age vs. puberty, and (3) potential sex differences. As hypothesized, results indicate autistic compared to typically developing youth demonstrate a shallower diurnal slope and elevated evening cortisol. These differences were in the context of higher cortisol and flatter rhythms based on age and pubertal development. Also, sex-based differences emerged such that females in both groups had higher cortisol, flatter slopes, and higher evening cortisol than males. The results show that despite the trait-like stability of diurnal cortisol, HPA maturation is impacted by age, puberty, sex, as well as an ASD diagnosis.

  • Abbreviated San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE-7) and Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index (JTWI)

  • Michael L. Thomas, Barton W. Palmer, Ellen E. Lee, Jinyuan Liu, Rebecca Daly, Xin M. Tu, Dilip V. Jeste
  • Journal:
    International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 34 / Issue 7 / July 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 December 2021, pp. 617-626
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  • Objectives:

    Wisdom is a personality trait comprising seven components: self-reflection, pro-social behaviors, emotional regulation, acceptance of diverse perspectives, decisiveness, social advising, and spirituality. Wisdom, a potentially modifiable trait, is strongly associated with well-being. We have published a validated 28-item San Diego Wisdom Scale, the SD-WISE-28. Brief scales are necessary for use in large population-based studies and in clinical practice. The present study aimed to create an abbreviated 7-item version of the SD-WISE.

    Method:

    Participants included 2093 people, aged 20-82 years, recruited and surveyed through the online crowdsourcing platform Amazon Mechanical Turk. The participants’ mean age was 46 years, with 55% women. Participants completed the SD-WISE-28 as well as validation scales for various positive and negative constructs. Psychometric analyses (factor analysis and item response theory) were used to select one item from each of the seven SD-WISE-28 subscales.

    Results:

    We selected a combination of items that produced acceptable unidimensional model fit and good reliability (ω = 0.74). Item statistics suggested that all seven items were strong indicators of wisdom, although the association was weakest for spirituality. Analyses indicated that the 28-item and 7-item SD-WISE are both very highly correlated (r = 0.92) and produce a nearly identical pattern of correlations with demographic and validity variables.

    Conclusion:

    The SD-WISE-7, and its derived Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index (JTWI) score, balances reliability and brevity for research applications.

  • High prevalence and adverse health effects of loneliness in community-dwelling adults across the lifespan: role of wisdom as a protective factor

  • Ellen E. Lee, Colin Depp, Barton W. Palmer, Danielle Glorioso, Rebecca Daly, Jinyuan Liu, Xin M. Tu, Ho-Cheol Kim, Peri Tarr, Yasunori Yamada, Dilip V. Jeste
  • Journal:
    International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 31 / Issue 10 / October 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 December 2018, pp. 1447-1462
  • Objectives:

    This study of loneliness across adult lifespan examined its associations with sociodemographics, mental health (positive and negative psychological states and traits), subjective cognitive complaints, and physical functioning.

    Design:

    Analysis of cross-sectional data

    Participants:

    340 community-dwelling adults in San Diego, California, mean age 62 (SD = 18) years, range 27–101 years, who participated in three community-based studies.

    Measurements:

    Loneliness measures included UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 (UCLA-3), 4-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Social Isolation Scale, and a single-item measure from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale. Other measures included the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE) and Medical Outcomes Survey- Short form 36.

    Results:

    Seventy-six percent of subjects had moderate-high levels of loneliness on UCLA-3, using standardized cut-points. Loneliness was correlated with worse mental health and inversely with positive psychological states/traits. Even moderate severity of loneliness was associated with worse mental and physical functioning. Loneliness severity and age had a complex relationship, with increased loneliness in the late-20s, mid-50s, and late-80s. There were no sex differences in loneliness prevalence, severity, and age relationships. The best-fit multiple regression model accounted for 45% of the variance in UCLA-3 scores, and three factors emerged with small-medium effect sizes: wisdom, living alone and mental well-being.

    Conclusions:

    The alarmingly high prevalence of loneliness and its association with worse health-related measures underscore major challenges for society. The non-linear age-loneliness severity relationship deserves further study. The strong negative association of wisdom with loneliness highlights the potentially critical role of wisdom as a target for psychosocial/behavioral interventions to reduce loneliness. Building a wiser society may help us develop a more connected, less lonely, and happier society.

  • Synthesis, microstructure, and photoluminescence properties of thornlike SiC:Tb nanostructures

  • Jinyuan Zhou, Xianbo Xu, Xi Song, Zhiyong Chen, Ming Zhou, Changchen Chen, Yanxia Liu, Jie Song, Erqing Xie
  • Journal:
    Journal of Materials Research / Volume 25 / Issue 6 / June 2010
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    31 January 2011, pp. 1041-1048
    Print publication:
    June 2010

  • Thornlike Tb-doped SiC (SiC:Tb) nanostructures were synthesized through a carbothermal reduction of electrospun Tb-doped SiO2 nanofibers (SiO2:Tb). The synthesized SiC nanostructures annealed at a high temperature of 1300 °C displayed a unique morphology and a high crystalline quality with the β-SiC phase. Strong green-light emissions were detected from the SiC:Tb samples. Photoluminescence excitation results show that, besides a small amount of energy coming from the SiC cores (464 nm), most of the energy needed for the excitation of Tb3+ ions comes from the light absorption of the SiO2–Tb surface layers (295 nm) and near-interface regions in the samples (388 nm). Transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and Raman analyses suggested that the formations of Tb clusters and SiO2 surface layers are very important to the enhancement of the luminescence behaviors of Tb3+ ions. Finally, we have constructed an excitation model and further proposed an energy transfer mechanism for these thornlike SiC:Tb nanostructures.

  • 10 - Development of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: insights from genomics

  • from III - Mutualistic interactions in the environment
  • Edited by Geoffrey Gadd, University of Dundee, Sarah C. Watkinson, University of Oxford, Paul S. Dyer, University of Nottingham
  • Book:
    Fungi in the Environment
    Published online:
    03 November 2009
    Print publication:
    12 April 2007, pp 201-224

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The majority of the vascular flowering plants have the ability to enter into symbiotic associations with a unique group of soil fungi, the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The symbiosis develops in the roots of the plant, where the plant provides the fungus with a source of carbon and the fungus delivers mineral nutrients to the roots. In particular, the transfer of phosphorus from the AM fungus to the plant is widely documented, but there is evidence for zinc and nitrogen transport also (Hodge et al., 2001). For both symbionts, significant quantities of nutrients may be exchanged. It is estimated that the plant allocates up to 20% of its photosynthate to the roots to support the fungal symbiont, and some studies suggest that in an AM symbiosis the plant receives all of its phosphorus via the fungus (Bago et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2003). Phosphorus is a relatively immobile nutrient and is often present at concentrations in the soil that are limiting for plant growth. Consequently, improvements in phosphorus supply resulting from the AM fungus can have a significant impact on plant health and subsequently on plant biodiversity and ecosystem productivity (van der Heijden et al., 1998).

    The AM symbiosis is an ancient association. Both molecular data and fossil evidence suggest that the AM fungi originated 460 MYA (Redeker et al., 2000) at a time when bryophytes were the predominant plant form.