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46 results

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  • Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated risk factors among staff and residents at homeless shelters in King County, Washington: an active surveillance study

  • Julia H. Rogers, Sarah N. Cox, Amy C. Link, Gift Nwanne, Peter D. Han, Brian Pfau, Eric J. Chow, Caitlin R. Wolf, Michael Boeckh, James P. Hughes, M. Elizabeth Halloran, Timothy M. Uyeki, M. Mia Shim, Jeffrey Duchin, Janet A. Englund, Emily Mosites, Melissa A. Rolfes, Lea A. Starita, Helen Y. Chu
  • Journal:
    Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 151 / 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 July 2023, e129
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  • Homeless shelter residents and staff may be at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection estimates in this population have been reliant on cross-sectional or outbreak investigation data. We conducted routine surveillance and outbreak testing in 23 homeless shelters in King County, Washington, to estimate the occurrence of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk factors during 1 January 2020–31 May 2021. Symptom surveys and nasal swabs were collected for SARS-CoV-2 testing by RT-PCR for residents aged ≥3 months and staff. We collected 12,915 specimens from 2,930 unique participants. We identified 4.74 (95% CI 4.00–5.58) SARS-CoV-2 infections per 100 individuals (residents: 4.96, 95% CI 4.12–5.91; staff: 3.86, 95% CI 2.43–5.79). Most infections were asymptomatic at the time of detection (74%) and detected during routine surveillance (73%). Outbreak testing yielded higher test positivity than routine surveillance (2.7% versus 0.9%). Among those infected, residents were less likely to report symptoms than staff. Participants who were vaccinated against seasonal influenza and were current smokers had lower odds of having an infection detected. Active surveillance that includes SARS-CoV-2 testing of all persons is essential in ascertaining the true burden of SARS-CoV-2 infections among residents and staff of congregate settings.

  • Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Ontario Testing and Follow-up Recommendations

  • Hugh J. McMillan, Kristin D. Kernohan, Ed Yeh, Kim Amburgey, Jennifer Boyd, Craig Campbell, James J. Dowling, Hernan Gonorazky, Janet Marcadier, Mark A. Tarnopolsky, Jiri Vajsar, Alex MacKenzie, Pranesh Chakraborty
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 48 / Issue 4 / July 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 October 2020, pp. 504-511
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  • Background:

    Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons causing muscle atrophy and weakness. Nusinersen, the first effective SMA therapy was approved by Health Canada in June 2017 and has been added to the provincial formulary of all but one Canadian province. Access to this effective therapy has triggered the inclusion of SMA in an increasing number of Newborn Screening (NBS) programs. However, the range of disease-modifying SMN2 gene copy numbers encountered in survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1)-null individuals means that neither screen-positive definition nor resulting treatment decisions can be determined by SMN1 genotype alone. We outline an approach to this challenge, one that specifically addresses the case of SMA newborns with four copies of SMN2.

    Objectives:

    To develop a standardized post-referral evaluation pathway for babies with a positive SMA NBS screen result.

    Methods:

    An SMA NBS pilot trial in Ontario using first-tier MassARRAY and second-tier multi-ligand probe amplification (MLPA) was launched in January 2020. Prior to this, Ontario pediatric neuromuscular disease and NBS experts met to review the evidence regarding the diagnosis and treatment of children with SMA as it pertained to NBS. A post-referral evaluation algorithm was developed, outlining timelines for patient retrieval and management.

    Conclusions:

    Ontario’s pilot NBS program has created a standardized path to facilitate early diagnosis of SMA and initiation of treatment. The goal is to provide timely access to those SMA infants in need of therapy to optimize motor function and prolong survival.

  • Examining the roles of metacognitive beliefs and maladaptive aspects of perfectionism in depression and anxiety

  • Lee Kannis-Dymand, Emily Hughes, Kate Mulgrew, Janet D. Carter, Steven Love
  • Journal:
    Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy / Volume 48 / Issue 4 / July 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 March 2020, pp. 442-453
    Print publication:
    July 2020
  • Background:

    Metacognition and perfectionism are factors found to be associated with both anxiety and depression. A common component that underlies these factors is the influence of perseverance, or the tendency to continue a behaviour or thought even if it is no longer productive.

    Aims:

    This study aimed to investigate the relationships between metacognitive beliefs with maladaptive aspects of perfectionism (i.e. perseverance behaviours), and their relation to anxiety and depression.

    Method:

    Participants (n = 1033) completed six self-report questionnaires measuring metacognitive beliefs about rumination and worry, perseverance, anxiety and depression. Data were analysed using correlational testing, and structural equation modelling.

    Results:

    Results of structural equation modelling revealed that positive metacognitive beliefs about repetitive negative thinking increased the likelihood to perceive the thinking as uncontrollable, and that perseverance behaviours were predicted by all metacognitive beliefs. Furthermore, examination of partial correlations revealed that both negative metacognitive beliefs about repetitive negative thinking and perseverance behaviours predicted anxiety and depression; however, negative metacognitive beliefs were the strongest predictor, in both cases.

    Conclusions:

    The results provided support for current metacognitive models, in that the interpretation of cognitive perseveration sequentially influences psychopathology, but also provided insight into the inclusion of perseveration behaviours. Furthermore, the findings may also have value in a clinical setting, as targeting metacognitive beliefs in the presence of perseverance type behaviours may prove beneficial for treatment.

  • Impact of dietary macronutrient profile on feline body weight is not consistent with the protein leverage hypothesis

  • David Allaway, Carlos H. de Alvaro, Adrian Hewson-Hughes, Ruth Staunton, Penelope Morris, Janet Alexander
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 120 / Issue 11 / 14 December 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 October 2018, pp. 1310-1318
    Print publication:
    14 December 2018
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  • The protein leverage hypothesis proposes that the need to prioritise protein intake drives excess energy intake (EI) when the dietary ratio of protein to fat and carbohydrate is reduced. We hypothesised that cats may become prone to overconsuming energy content when moderate protein diets were offered, and considered the potential influence of fat and carbohydrate on intake. To determine the effect of dietary protein and macronutrient profile (MNP) on EI, weight and body composition, cats (1–4 years) were offered food in excess of energy requirements (ER). A total of six diets were formulated, containing moderate (approximately 7 % w/w; approximately 22 % metabolisable energy (ME)) or high (approximately 10 % w/w; approximately 46 % ME) protein and varying levels of carbohydrate and fat. For 4 weeks, 120 cats were offered 100 % of their individual ER of a diet at the MNP selected by adult cats (50:40:10 protein energy ratio:fat energy ratio:carbohydrate energy ratio). EI, body weight (BW), body composition, activity and palatability were measured. Subsequently, cats were offered one of the six diets at 200 % of their individual ER for 4 weeks when measurements were repeated. Cats offered excess high protein diets had higher EI (kJ/kg) throughout, but at 4 weeks BW was not significantly different to baseline. Cats offered excess moderate protein diets reduced EI and gradually lost weight (average loss of 0·358 (99 % CI 0·388, 0·328) kg), irrespective of fat:carbohydrate and initial palatability. The data do not support the protein leverage hypothesis. Furthermore, cats were able to adapt intake of a wet diet with high protein in an overfeeding environment within 28 d.

  • Editions of Native Life in South Africa: 1916 to the present

  • Edited by Janet Remmington, Brian Willan, Bhekizizwe Peterson
  • Sabata-mpho Mokae, Nhlanhla Maake, Peter Limb, Albert Grundlingh, Khwezi Mkhize, André Odendaal, Christopher Saunders, Heather Hughes, Keith Breckenridge, Jacob Dlamini, Sean O’Toole
  • Book:
    Sol Plaatje's Native Life in South Africa
    Published by:
    Wits University Press
    Published online:
    21 April 2018
    Print publication:
    31 October 2016, pp xxxv-xxxvi

  • Summary

    S T Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa, Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion (London: P S King & Son, Ltd, May 1916). First edition. 1000 copies printed, 500 bound up for sale.

    S T Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa, Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion (London: P S King & Son, Ltd, October 1916). Second edition.

    Consisted of the remaining 500 copies from the first printing. Includes a new chapter entitled ‘Report of the Lands Commission: An Analysis’, bound in at the beginning of the book. Also adds two pages with ‘Some Opinions of the Press on the First Edition’, along with advertisements for Plaatje's Sechuana Proverbs and A Sechuana Reader, the latter co-authored with Daniel Jones.

    S T Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa, Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion (London: P S King & Son, Ltd, February 1917). Third edition. Separate impressions for P S King & Son, London; Tsala ea Batho, Kimberley; and The Crisis, New York. ‘Report of the Lands Commission’ chapter moved to the end of the book. Folded map added as insert.

    S T Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa, Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion (Kimberley: Tsala ea Batho, and New York: The Crisis, 1920).

    Fourth edition.

    No impression by P S King & Son located.

    S T Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa, Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion (London: P S King & Son, Ltd, 1921). Fifth edition. No impression for Tsala ea Batho and The Crisis located.

    S T Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa, Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion (New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969). Facsimile of Third edition.

    Sol T Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa, Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1982).

    Paperback edition. Foreword by Bessie Head, Introduction by Brian Willan. Sol T Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa (Harlow: Longman, 1987). African Classics Series.

    Abbreviated paperback edition, omitting chapters 22–24. Introduction by Brian Willan.

Sol Plaatje's Native Life in South Africa
  • Past and present
  • Edited by Janet Remmington, Brian Willan, Bhekizizwe Peterson
  • Sabata-mpho Mokae, Nhlanhla Maake, Peter Limb, Albert Grundlingh, Khwezi Mkhize, André Odendaal, Christopher Saunders, Heather Hughes, Keith Breckenridge, Jacob Dlamini, Sean O’Toole
  • Published by:
    Wits University Press
    Published online:
    21 April 2018
    Print publication:
    31 October 2016
  • First published in 1916, Sol Plaatje’s Native Life in South Africa was written by one of the South Africa’s most talented early twentieth-century black leaders and journalists. Plaatje’s pioneering book arose out of an early African National Congress campaign to protest against the discriminatory1913 Natives Land Act. Native Life vividly narrates Plaatje’s investigative journeying into South Africa’s rural heartlands to report on the effects of the Act and his involvement in the deputation to the British imperial government. At the same time it tells the bigger story of the assault on black rights and opportunities in the newly consolidated Union of South Africa – and the resistance to it. Originally published in war-time London, but about South Africa and its place in the world, Native Life travelled far and wide, being distributed in the United States under the auspices of prominent African-American W E B Du Bois. South African editions were to follow only in the late apartheid period and beyond. The aim of this multi-authored volume is to shed new light on how and why Native Life came into being at a critical historical juncture, and to reflect on how it can be read in relation to South Africa’s heightened challenges today. Crucial areas that come under the spotlight in this collection include land, race, history, mobility, belonging, war, the press, law, literature, language, gender, politics, and the state.

  • 11 - Digital preservation strategies for visualizations and simulations

  • Edited by Janet Delve, David Anderson
  • Book:
    Preserving Complex Digital Objects
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    13 September 2022
    Print publication:
    30 April 2015, pp 143-154

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The participants for each POCOS session were drawn from a wide range of professional contexts concerned with digital preservation (DP), including: scientific and cultural heritage projects; private consultancies; digital assets management, including creating digital preservation policy for, inter alia, 3D models and architectural drawings; digital repository management; DP research and development; development of research-based open-source tools; digital tool preservation; long-term digital preservation; emulation research; historical research; digital humanities research; and digital imaging and digital media technologies. With this eclectic mix of contributors from a variety of user and stakeholder communities, it was important not to make assumptions about prior DP knowledge, as some participants might be very knowledgeable about DP in general but be unaware of visualization and simulation initiatives, and vice versa. With this caveat in mind, William Kilbride reviewed the main categories of challenges regarding visualizations and simulations in the DP domain, and suggested initial key responses. The groups then discussed their ideas.

    The main DP challenges and key responses

    The first challenge to be faced is that the issue will not go away, nor will it resolve itself. A salutary note on this subject is delineated by Gartner's Hype Cycle on the introduction of new technology, which charts levels of optimism over time. The cycle starts on the trigger point of ‘not my problem’; moves on through ‘how hard can it be’ to the Peak of Inflated Expectations; descends into misery at the Trough of Disillusion, when the scale of the task becomes apparent; then advances onto the Slope of Enlightenment followed by the Plateau of Productivity, when realistic progress is eventually realized. To avoid this roller-coaster experience, it is vital that DP plans be set out at the start of the project.

    In general, digital objects such as software, simulations, visualizations and documents have value (however such ‘value’ is calculated), and they create opportunities. However, access to such objects depends on software, hardware and human intervention, and these are liable to change over time, thus resulting in technology creating barriers to re-use. Therefore it is vital to manage data in the long term to protect digital assets and create opportunities for their re-use. In particular, DP is not just about isolated topics such as ‘data’, ‘access’ and ‘risk’: rather it is paramount that DP is understood to be about outcomes, especially regarding people and opportunity.

  • Childhood consumption of fruit and vegetables across England: a study of 2306 6–7-year-olds in 2007

  • Rebecca J. Hughes, Kimberley L. Edwards, Graham P. Clarke, Charlotte E. L. Evans, Janet E. Cade, Joan K. Ransley
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 108 / Issue 4 / 28 August 2012
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    10 February 2012, pp. 733-742
    Print publication:
    28 August 2012
    • Article
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  • The School Fruit and Vegetable Scheme (SFVS) provides children in government-run schools in England with a free piece of fruit or a vegetable each school day for the first 3 years of school. The present study examines the impact of the SFVS, in terms of its contribution towards the total daily intake of fruit and vegetables by children across England. Quantitative dietary data were collected from 2306 children in their third year of school, from 128 schools, using a 24 h food diary. The data were examined at different spatial scales, and variations in the impact of the scheme across areas with different socio-economic characteristics were analysed using a deprivation index and a geodemographic classification. The uptake of the SFVS and the total intake of fruit and vegetables by children varied across different parts of England. Participation in the SFVS was positively associated with fruit and vegetable consumption. That is, in any one area, those children who participated in the SFVS consumed more fruit and vegetables. However, children living in deprived areas still consumed less fruit and vegetables than children living in more advantaged areas: the mean daily frequency of fruit and vegetables consumed, and rates of consumption of fruit or vegetables five times or more per d, decreased as deprivation increased (r − 0·860; P = 0·001; r − 0·842; P = 0·002). So the SFVS does not eliminate the socio-economic gradient in fruit and vegetable consumption, but it does help to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in deprived (and affluent) areas.

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