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The chapter focuses on the methodological debate between Empiricist and Rationalist schools of medicine, as portrayed in Galen’s early treatise On Medical Experience (Med.Exp.). This dense and philosophically-sophisticated text, preserved for the most part only in an Arabic translation, supposedly presents the substance of a dispute, witnessed by the young Galen, between his Rationalist teacher Pelops and an Empiricist opponent, about the respective roles of experience and reason in medicine. Analysing the arguments on both sides, in particular as they concern the question of inductive generalisation and the nature and validity of the empirical procedure known as epilogimos, the chapter shows how Galen’s presentation of a sequence of responses and counter-responses between the two protagonists serves to prefigure his own complex and hugely influential synthesis of the empirical and rationalist procedures in his own mature methodology.
Themistius' school most likely offered training in both philosophy and rhetoric. Five authentic Aristotelian paraphrases by Themistius have been preserved, three, On the Soul, Posterior Analytics and Physics, in the original Greek and two, On the Heavens and Metaphysics Lambda, in both Hebrew and Latin versions. Themistius revived and to a large extent reinvented the genre of Aristotelian paraphrase as an exegetical tool. Logic clearly occupies a central place both in the curriculum of Themistius' school and in his own interest in philosophy. Themistius' Physics paraphrase contains few original discussions, being designed as an advanced introductory text to the problems of Aristotle's Physics, but some of the occurring digressions shed additional light on Themistius' overall philosophical position. The paraphrase of De anima is by far the longest and philosophically the most interesting work by Themistius. The philosophical position found in Themistius' extant works could be described as an original synthesis within the broad tradition of concordance between Plato and Aristotle.
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