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  • 23 - Consensus views arising from the 48th Study Group: Implantation and Early Development

  • from SECTION 5 - CONSENSUS VIEWS
  • Edited by Hilary Critchley, University of Edinburgh, Iain Cameron, University of Southampton, Stephen Smith
  • Book: Implantation and Early Development
  • Published online: 05 June 2014
  • Print publication: 01 June 2005, pp 283-286

  • Summary

    The multidisciplinary systems biology approach that is needed to assess endometrial receptivity should be used to understand the reciprocal dialogue between the embryo and the decidualised endometrium. This chapter focuses on human embryo research and the development of appropriate functional models of implantation that will allow the investigation of molecules mediating blastocyst-endometrial/decidual interaction. Ectopic pregnancy could be considered as a model to study the failure or the absence of mechanisms that limit implantation. Experience with cell nuclear replacement has identified the key role of cytoplasmic and nuclear factors for normal embryonic development. The conventional measurements of sperm concentration, motility and morphology only act as surrogate markers of fertility. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) should be carried out by specialist centres that have a multidisciplinary genetic support infrastructure including genetic counselling, and clinical pathology accreditation (CPA) qualified cytogenetics and molecular genetics laboratories.

Implantation and Early Development
  • Edited by Hilary Critchley, Iain Cameron, Stephen Smith
  • Published online: 05 June 2014
  • Print publication: 01 June 2005
  • Successful implantation and early development need a union of healthy genes and an optimal uterine environment. The 48th RCOG Study Group, an international multidisciplinary expert forum, considered factors involved in preparation for implantation within the uterus; how to determine a good egg and good sperm; lessons from animal models; transgenic and genomic technologies; sporadic and recurrent early pregnancy loss; single-embryo transfer; and the developmental consequences of assisted reproduction technologies. This book presents the findings of the Study Group, with sections covering:preparation for implantation - the uterine environmentthe embryolessons from animal models (transgenics) and novel technologiesclinical sequelae.

  • Preface

  • Edited by Hilary Critchley, University of Edinburgh, Iain Cameron, University of Southampton, Stephen Smith
  • Book: Implantation and Early Development
  • Published online: 05 June 2014
  • Print publication: 01 June 2005, pp xv-xvi

  • Summary

    Successful implantation and early development require a union of healthy gametes and subsequent growth and development within an optimal uterine environment. The 48th RCOG Study Group comprised a national and international multidisciplinary expert forum that considered factors involved in preparation for implantation within the uterus, what makes a good egg and good sperm and hence a good embryo. Lessons from animal models and transgenic and genomic technologies received consideration. Attention was given to both sporadic and recurrent early pregnancy loss and to the scale of these distressing events. New treatment options were critically discussed and empirical approaches to management, without evidence of identifiable aetiological factors and rigorous evaluation, were cautioned against.

    Assisted reproductive technologies have had a huge impact on the management of fertility problems over the past 25 years. Discussion included the arguments for singleembryo transfer and the developmental consequences of assisted reproductive technologies. The Group emphasised the need to continue to extend and refine the evidence base available for investigation and treatment options across the spectrum of early pregnancy management.

    The ‘consensus views’ contained within this publication are not formal recommendations, but the conclusions of independent experts. Areas where future research is much needed have been identified. Emphasis is given to the multidisciplinary approach required if there is to be a substantial impact on our knowledge base, whether biological or clinical.The chapters herein have provided the authors with the opportunity to express further their individual views and to discuss issues in more detail and depth. We hope that this publication will provide a valuable resource for gynaecologists, specialist nurses, embryologists, basic scientists and all those with an interest in early pregnancy and development.

  • The Swedish Experience of the European Convention on Human Rights Since Incorporation

  • Iain Cameron
  • Journal: International & Comparative Law Quarterly / Volume 48 / Issue 1 / January 1999
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 January 2008, pp. 20-56
  • Print publication: January 1999

  • The Swedish statute incorporating the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter “the Convention”) entered into force on 1 January 1995.1 The present article will look at what can loosely be termed the constitutional issues raised by incorporation of the Convention into Swedish law. One of the most interesting features of the Convention, like EC law, is that it is a separate, autonomous system of law which nonetheless, with incorporation, becomes a part of the national legal system. As such it cuts across national legal categorisations. But it is also an incomplete system. Convention issues can arise under national law which have not (yet) arisen in the context of the Convention system. Thus, studying the case law of other jurisdictions dealing with the Convention can be of immediate benefit to one's own system, even leaving aside the long-term, indirect benefit to be gained by studying comparative constitutional law in general. While the main focus of the article is directed at explaining the Swedish system for English-speaking readers, I will also draw some parallels with the British legislation incorporating the Convention.2 Many questions remain regarding the likely impact of the Convention on British law. In time, the courts and Parliament will provide an answer to these. In the meantime, British lawyers can usefully study other jurisdictions.

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