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Starting in 2016, we initiated a pilot tele-antibiotic stewardship program at 2 rural Veterans Affairs medical centers (VAMCs). Antibiotic days of therapy decreased significantly (P < .05) in the acute and long-term care units at both intervention sites, suggesting that tele-stewardship can effectively support antibiotic stewardship practices in rural VAMCs.
Trauma is the leading cause of deaths in patients under the age of 40 years and consequently is the leading cause of loss to productive years of life. More than 7,000 patients per year die from trauma in the UK (more deaths than from cancer of the stomach or pancreas) and up to 7% of all hospital care and UK National Health Service (NHS) expenditure is due to trauma care. These figures show the importance of trauma as a health problem but the true scale of the problem only begins to become clear when it is appreciated that approximately 10 times more patients do not die but are temporarily incapacitated as a result of injury. Much of current surgical practice has its roots in the surgery of trauma and as such many of the principles of management have been well defined for many years. However, it has been well documented that for each new advance, there has been a tendency to forget some of the previously established principles, often with disastrous consequences, particularly in times of war. This chapter therefore focuses more on the general principles of management than on the treatment of specific injuries, although both will be covered. One of the most basic principles of management is the importance of prompt treatment and, given the magnitude of the trauma problem, it will be seen that organisation of trauma services form an important part of these considerations.
Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin films are extensively used in display industry and they can be utilized for flexible displays. The polymer and the plastic materials used as flexible substrates are more bendable and lighter weight compared to glass substrates. However, its mechanical and surface properties differed from glass substrates result in different quality of TCO layers deposited on it. In this study, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and glass were used as substrates. Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Mg-doped ZnO (MZO), Al-doped ZnO (AZO), Ga-doped ZnO (GZO), Al-doped MZO (AMZO), Ga-doped MZO (GMZO) were used as TCO materials deposited by RF sputtering. Rutherford Backscatter Spectroscopy (RBS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the chemical composition and crystal structure of TCO thin films. Light transmittance and surface resistivity were measured after the different deposited conditions. , Mg-, Al-, Ga- doped ZnO indeed modified the optical properties of ZnO and better than ITO. However, the electrical conductivity was not improved obviously compared to ITO when they deposited on PET substrate at room temperature.
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