The incorporation of small amounts of phenolic antioxidants, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-cresol and pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate], into photovoltaic organo-lead halide perovskite layers significantly suppressed the degradation of the perovskite compounds via light irradiation in the presence of ambient oxygen. While the facile incorporation of the antioxidants did not decrease both the quality of the formed perovskite crystal grains and the photovoltaic conversion performance of the cells, it enhanced the antioxidizing property and water repellency of the perovskite layer owing to the elimination of superoxide anion radical and hydrophobic molecular structure and improved the durability of the cells.

The artificial nano-clay powder was newly examined as a gelator of electrolyte of quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The size of clay has two main distributions with 1.4 nm and 20 nm in diameter which are confirmed by STEM observation. The gelation point was determined by using Rheometer. The gel state maintained with more than 5wt% nano-clay in the acetonitrile based solvent. The quasi-solid-state DSSC with nano-clay electrolyte (10 wt%) was successfully showed a high photoelectric conversion efficiency of 10.3%, which is equivalent to that using a liquid electrolyte.

Modern in situ survey technologies such as crewed submersibles, remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs), towed camera arrays, and visual/video plankton recorders (VPRs) were used to characterize the dominant anthomedusan species off the eastern seaboard of Japan. Notes on the taxonomy, distribution, behaviour and interspecies interactions are presented for the four observed species: Euphysa japonica, E. flammea, Calycopsis nematophora and Pandea rubra. A new generic definition for the genus Calycopsis is proposed. The possibility of run-on, cascading detrimental effects of oceanic acidification on midwater ecosystems was identified from observations made during the present study.