The first stage of lateritic weathering of pyroxenes in the Niquelandia area, Brazil, leads either to Fe-rich products or to a phyllosilicate clay. In relatively unfractured parent rock the phyllosilicate clay contains Ni-rich smectites, the atomic ratio of Ni: octahedral cations ranging from 0.3 to 0.5. These smectites were studied by polarized light microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, and electron microprobe, and infrared, optical absorption, Mössbauer, and extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the smectite is constant on the optical microscope scale even to the smallest analyzed particles (3000 A in diameter and about 75 Å thick). From XRD data the mineral is principally a swelling, trioctahedral smectite; however, some kerolite-pimelite-like layers are present, and a weak 06,33 reflection indicates the presence of a small amount of a dioctahedral phase. Mössbauer results show that all Fe cations are Fe3+ in octahedral sites. The structural formula of the smectite is: (Ca0.01K0.05)(Al0.17Fe0.5Mg0.48Ni1.47Cr0.02)(Si3.92Al0.08)O10(OH)2

The results obtained from all the above methods suggest that in the smectites Ni, and, perhaps, a small amount of Mg are clustered in pimelite-like domains (or layers), whereas Fe and some Al are clustered in nontronite-like domains (or layers). Most selected-area electron diffraction patterns exhibit continuous or punctuated (hk) rings, indicating that particles contain several stacked layers. The patterns of some thin particles, however, suggest dioctahedral layers having trans-octahedral vacancies, such as in the Garfield, Washington, nontronite. Thus, the Ni-Fe-Mg-smectite, which seemingly is homogeneous, actually consists of mixed trioctahedral and dioctahedral layers or domains.

Background: Cervical sponylotic myelopathy (CSM) may present with neck and arm pain. This study investiagtes the change in neck/arm pain post-operatively in CSM. Methods: This ambispective study llocated 402 patients through the Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network. Outcome measures were the visual analogue scales for neck and arm pain (VAS-NP and VAS-AP) and the neck disability index (NDI). The thresholds for minimum clinically important differences (MCIDs) for VAS-NP and VAS-AP were determined to be 2.6 and 4.1. Results: VAS-NP improved from mean of 5.6±2.9 to 3.8±2.7 at 12 months (P<0.001). VAS-AP improved from 5.8±2.9 to 3.5±3.0 at 12 months (P<0.001). The MCIDs for VAS-NP and VAS-AP were also reached at 12 months. Based on the NDI, patients were grouped into those with mild pain/no pain (33%) versus moderate/severe pain (67%). At 3 months, a significantly high proportion of patients with moderate/severe pain (45.8%) demonstrated an improvement into mild/no pain, whereas 27.2% with mild/no pain demonstrated worsening into moderate/severe pain (P <0.001). At 12 months, 17.4% with mild/no pain experienced worsening of their NDI (P<0.001). Conclusions: This study suggests that neck and arm pain responds to surgical decompression in patients with CSM and reaches the MCIDs for VAS-AP and VAS-NP at 12 months.

Namacotche gem-bearing pegmatites of Alto Ligonha pegmatite district are heterogeneous, strongly fractionated, and have large Li and Ta and extremely large Cs contents. Clay samples were collected in fracture infillings and dilation cavities with gemstones and were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarized light microscope, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and chemical analyses. The <2 μm fraction contains cookeite, illite, illite-smectite and suggested irregular mixed-layer cookeite-smectite, beidellite, montmorillonite, kaolinite and goethite.The XRD patterns of chlorite and their d values suggest the presence of ‘di-trioctahedral chlorite’ similar to cookeite-Ia polytype. Cookeite chemical analyses show that Li contents range from 0.82 to 1.08 atoms per half unit cell.

A close relationship has been established between occurrences of gemstones and clay minerals. Some important textures and crystal chemistry are discussed.The main gemstones related to the Namacotche Pegmatite are: morganite (pink cesian beryl), kunzite (spodumene) and elbaite tourmaline. As the mechanisms responsible for the gemstone formation take place at low temperature, the clay minerals paragenesis cookeite ± cookeite-smectite interstratification ± beidellite + montmorillonite ± illite-smectite interstratification, represents a late-stage secondary paragenesis, generated by hydrothermal alteration.

The aim of the present study was to identify the nature of bonds established between protein particles after stirring that are responsible for the texture improvement of stirred yoghurts, called rebodying. Using a constant model yoghurt at pH 4·4, the effects of changes in the physicochemical conditions at stirring were studied on the subsequent rebodying. Short term rebodying was measured as the changes in viscoelastic properties at 4°C during 20 h after stirring, while long-term rebodying was measured as the viscosity changes during 28 d storage at 4°C. Moreover, stirred gels obtained from either set gels that were allowed time or not for ionic equilibration were compared. Increasing or decreasing ionic strength did not change the properties of stirred gels. Calcium chloride addition significantly decreased G′0 h, G′20 h and tan20 h but did not induce changes in the gel microstructure as observed by confocal scanning microscopy. Yoghurt rebodying could not be explained by fulfilling ionic equilibrium. Moreover, N-ethyl maleimide addition had no effect on the stirred yoghurt. Attractive electrostatic and disulphide interactions were not involved in the gel rebodying and increasing calcium concentration in the set gel limited rebodying.

Le tritium est un radionucléide dont l’utilisation et la production vont croitre du fait du développement des nouveaux réacteurs à fusion et de la relance des programmes nucléaires dans le monde. La toxicité du tritium est bien connue mais ses effets sanitaires restent délicats à appréhender du fait d’une dosimétrie difficile et du faible nombre de cas de contamination survenus depuis son utilisation. L’estimation des risques liés à son utilisation repose sur les modèles de la CIPR qui permettent de calculer les doses délivrées dans les tissus grâce à un facteur de pondération WR qui tient compte de l’efficacité biologique relative des différents rayonnements. Quelques voix s’élèvent pour réclamer une révision du facteur de pondération utilisé pour les rayonnements bêta du tritium, arguant que celui-ci peut s’incorporer dans l’ADN et donc être plus toxique que les autres radionucléides émetteurs bêta. Une revue des différents travaux menés sur le sujet et publiés dans la littérature montre en réalité que l’efficacité biologique relative du tritium n’est pas très différente de celle des rayonnements gamma, pris comme rayonnements de référence. Ceci plaide pour un maintien du facteur de pondération unitaire actuel, initialement proposé puis réaffirmé récemment par la CIPR.

Le traitement recommandé en cas de contamination accidentelle par un composé hybride d’oxydes de plutonium et d’uranium (MOX) est l’administration d’acide diethylène-triamine-pentaacétate (DTPA) afin d’accélérer l’excrétion du plutonium. L’uranium et le DTPA étant deux composés néphrotoxiques, l’administration de DTPA consécutif à une contamination par un composé contenant de l’uranium, est susceptible de potentialiser les effets néphrotoxiques de l’uranium. L’objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier in vitro sur une lignée de cellules tubulaires proximales de rein (LLC-PK1) la cytotoxicité induite par des concentrations croissantes d’uranium en présence ou en absence de 3 formes chimiques de DTPA. Les résultats ont montré que le DTPA, utilisé seul, n’induisait aucune toxicité à la concentration testée (420 µM). Cependant, l’administration de DTPA augmentait le taux de mortalité cellulaire induit par l’uranium. Cette augmentation était maximale pour les concentrations en uranium proches de la concentration létale pour 50 % des cellules et atteignait respectivement 37, 31 et 28 % pour le DTPA anhydre, le Na3CaDTPA et le Na3ZnDTPA. Ces résultats suggèrent que le DTPA est un composé susceptible de potentialiser la néphrotoxicité induite par l’uranium.

The implementation committee of the Quebec Child Telehealth Network was formed in 1997, with a mandate to build a network dedicated to the diagnosis of congenital cardiac disease via telemedicine. We devised criterions for selection to determine which peripheral centres would be linked by telemedicine to the university-based services for paediatric cardiology provided in the Canadian Province of Quebec. The criterions included: distance from a university centre, number of births per year, and presence of an already-established outreach clinic for paediatric cardiology. The Quebec Network became operational in 2000, and was composed of 32 peripheral centres and 4 university centres. A total of 363 transmissions of echocardiograms occurred over a 3-year period from January 2000 to December 2002. Peripheral centres located at a distance greater than 100 kilometres from a university centre were 8.5 times more likely to use the network. Criterions other than distance did not influence whether or not a peripheral centre used the network. Cardiac abnormalities were identified in almost two-thirds of the transmissions. The use of the Quebec Network resulted in the avoidance of transfers or clinic visits to university hospitals in seven-tenths of cases. We conclude that distance greater than 100 kilometres from a centre offering subspecialty services in paediatric cardiology is the most important criterion for choosing the peripheral centres that are most likely to use a telehealth network. In its first three years of operation, the telehealth network had a major impact on the delivery of paediatric cardiac care, improving access to subspecialty services across the province.

Interactions between uranium and target cells: Example of UO4 particle transformation within alveolar macrophages.Interactions between uranium and target cells: examples of UO4 particle transformation within alveolar macrophages. 
The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the in vivo dissolution of inhaled particles is necessary to improve the model for determining the parameters. With that perspective, theintracellular transformation of UO4 particles has been investigated. Indeed, very few is known about this compound encountered in the nuclear fuel cycle. After instillation of UO4 particles in rats,alveolar macrophages and lung tissues have been observed. The particles break up very quickly in ultrafine particles and in some cases, this mechanism is accompanied by the formation of uranylphosphate needles. This phenomenon takes place at very early stage, i.e., within the first 24 hours after the instillation. Particles phagocytised by macrophages in vitro have been observed afterinclusion of the cells directly on the culture dish. These observations have confirmed the corrosive action exerted by the macrophages on the UO4 particles.

La Commission Internationale de Protection Radiologique (CIPR), dans ses nouvelles recommandations, propose l'utilisation de paramètres déterminés expérimentalement pour effectuer uncalcul de dose efficace par unité d'incorporation (DPUI) spécifique pour chaque composé. Le but de cette étude est de définir une méthodologie (techniques d'analyse, test in vitro de dissolutionet test in vivo sur rats) permettant d'accéder à ces données et de présenter les méthodes de calcul utilisées, comme le logiciel GIGAFIT pour l'interprétation des données de transfert sanguin, etle logiciel LUDEP pour le calcul de dose. Ce travail a permis de déterminer pour un composé UO2 (uranium appauvri), utilisé dans la fabrication du combustible MOX, les principaux paramètresphysico-chimiques et biologiques qui entrent dans le calcul de dose : le Diamètre Aérodynamique Médian en Activité ou DAMA de 6,5 microns; la Surface Spécifique SS= 2,68 m2.g-1; et lesfraction et taux de transfert sanguin respectivement fr, entre 2,5% et 44,4%, Sr, entre 0,09 et 1,7 j-1, et Ss, entre 6,4x10-4 et 1,5x10-3 j-1. Ces résultats intégrés dans LUDEP conduisent à une DPUI spécifique par inhalation pour ce composé UO2 égale à 2,84x10-6 Sv.Bq-1.

La Commission Internationale de Protection Radiologique (CIPR), dans ses nouvelles recommandations, propose l'utilisation de paramètres déterminés expérimentalement pour effectuer uncalcul de dose efficace par unité d'incorporation (DPUI) spécifique pour chaque composé. Le but de cette étude est de définir une méthodologie (techniques d'analyse, test in vitro de dissolutionet test in vivo sur rats) permettant d'accéder à ces données et de présenter les méthodes de calcul utilisées, comme le logiciel GIGAFIT pour l'interprétation des données de transfert sanguin, etle logiciel LUDEP pour le calcul de dose. 
Ce travail a permis de déterminer pour un composé UO2 (uranium appauvri), utilisé dans la fabrication du combustible MOX, les principaux paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques quientrent dans le calcul de dose : le Diamètre Aérodynamique Médian en Activité ou DAMA de 6,5 μm; la Surface Spécifique SS= 2,68 m2.g-1; et les fraction et taux de transfert sanguinrespectivement fr, entre 2,5% et 44,4%, Sr, entre 0,09 et 1,7 j-1 , et Ss, entre 6,4 10-4 et 1,5 10-3 j-1. Ces résultats intégrés dans LUDEP conduisent à une DPUI spécifique par inhalation pour ce composé UO2 égale à 2,84 10-6 Sv.Bq-1.

Les activités développées au sein de l'industrie nucléaire vont engendrer denouvelles manipulations d'actinides (programme SPIN). Il importe, dans cecadre, de définir pour chaque radionucléide utilisé un traitement en cas decontamination accidentelle. Le travail présenté ici fait le point des connaissancesacquises dans le domaine des biocinétiques du neptunium, pour lequel aucuntraitement efficace n'est aujourd'hui disponible. Des éléments de réflexion sontapportés, visant à développer les études réalisées jusqu'à présent, en leur imposantune approche expérimentale à un niveau subcellulaire et moléculaire.

During the period, work on the problem of the Earth’s rotation has continued to expand and increase its scope. The total number of institutions engaged in the determination of the Earth’s rotation parameters (ERP) by different techniques has been increased significantly. The rotation of the Earth is currently measured by classical astrometry, Doppler and laser satellite tracking, laser ranging of the Moon, and radio interferometry. Several long time series of the ERP are available from most of these techniques, in particular, those made during the Main Campaign of the MERIT project. The various series have been intercompared and their stability, in the time frame of years to days, has been estimated for the purposes of establishing a new conventional terrestrial reference system (COTES). On the other hand, the difficulties of maintaining a regular operation for laser ranging to the Moon (LLR) have been recognized. It resulted in the proposal to organize an one-month campaign of observations in 1985 in order to complement the COTES collocation program and to allow additional intercomparisons with other techniques.

This report will try to review briefly the work achieved from 1982 to 1984 in different “subjects to be considered by Commission 31 Time” as adopted in Grenoble 1976. It contains also information provided by Commission members, for which hearty thanks are to be given. The limitation of space required the abbrevation of some institution reports.