A large body of research states that cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is static. Nevertheless, most previous studies lack a control group or have small study samples or short follow-up periods.

We aimed to address these limitations by studying a large epidemiological cohort of patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders and a comparable control sample for a 10-year period.

Our results support the generalized stability of cognitive functions in schizophrenia spectrum disorders considering the entire group. However, the existence of a subgroup of patients characterized by deteriorating cognition and worse long-term clinical outcomes must be noted. Nevertheless, it was not possible to identify concomitant factors or predictors of deterioration (all Ps > 0.05).

Cognitive functions in schizophrenia spectrum disorder are stable; however, a subgroup of subjects that deteriorate can be characterized.

Anorexia nervosa is a disorder of eating behavior that is a major health problem on our society. It is characterized by three main criteria: self-induced starvation, desire for thinness or fear of obesity, and the presence of medical signs and symptoms due to improper feeding. This work is focused on its treatment. The biopsychosocial approach allows the design and application of effective therapeutic strategies and a multidisciplinary team collaboration is essential.

Research of current pharmacological and psychotherapy treatments options of the disease.

Literature review based on articles and publications on this topic.

In anorexia nervosa, it is necessary to establish a therapeutic alliance between doctor and patient. Patient usually feels no motivation to improve. The different treatments options to combine, in terms of the patient status, are: nutritional rehabilitation, cognitive-behavioral, family and interpersonal psychotherapies and pharmacological treatment. It can be carried out at the ambulatory, at the day-hospital or by medical stay, even beyond patient will.

Nowadays, the nutritional rehabilitation is the best treatment established and it is the core treatment. About the psychotherapies, the cognitive-behavioral is the most used because it has exposed better results in all different studies proved and in clinical practices, followed by the family therapy which is the responsible of the patient family's treatment. Pharmacological treatment should not be used systematically and its exclusive use is not enough to resolve anorexia nervosa as there are needed also other treatments combined.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Cocaine use is prevalent in mental health consultations in both sexes. However, in men and women there are differences in the frequency of use of substances and on the employment situation.

Show the differences for the use of cocaine and employment status of men and women, in a sample of patients followed at the Mental Health Center in Drug Dependency Unit.

We conducted a cross-sectional study and analyze the differences according to sex for cocaine use and the employment situation, in a sample of patients who are undergoing treatment at the Mental Health Center for a year diagnosed with dual pathology.

In men in active employment status, the percentage of cocaine use is 19.5% and if we compare with women in the same job situation, the percentage of cocaine use is 0%.

Men who are unemployed use more cocaine than women in the same job situation. For retirees, the highest percentage of cocaine is found in women.

Hundred percent of women use cocaine by sniffing. Men use different ways of cocaine consume.

Snorted way 67.7%, 14.9% smoked and snorted, smoked 8% and 2.3% intravenous.

Men use cocaine more frequently unemployed while women do more it often being retired.

The route most used cocaine consume in both sexes is snorted.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Although early interventions in individuals with bipolar disorder may reduce the associated personal and economic burden, the neurobiologic markers of enhanced risk are unknown.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the existence of neurobiological abnormalities in individuals with genetic risk for developing bipolar disorder (HR)

A literature search was performed in the available scientific literature on the subject study object, by searching MEDLINE.

There were 37 studies included in this systematic review. The overall sample for the systematic review included 1258 controls and 996 HR individuals. No significant differences were detected between HR individuals and controls in the selected ROIs (regions of interest): striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, pituitary and frontal lobe. The HR group showed increased grey matter volume compared with patients with established bipolar disorder. The HR individuals showed increased neural response in the left superior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus and left insula compared with controls. The overall results found no significant differences between individuals at high genetic risk and controls since the magnitude of the association as corresponds to an OR < 1.5 (low association)

There is accumulating evidence for the existence of neurobiologic abnormalities in individuals at genetic risk for bipolar disorder at various scales of investigation. The etiopathogenesis of bipolar disorder will be better elucidated by future imaging studies investigating larger and more homogeneous samples and using longitudinal designs to dissect neurobiologic abnormalities that are underlying traits of the illness from those related to psychopathologic states, such as episodes of mood exacerbation or pharmacologic treatment.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

We have done a descriptive study of 34 patients hospitalized in psychiatry between January and July 2015 for psychotic active clinic who started treatment with PP or the previous dose was increased.

91.2% of patients admitted for acute exacerbation of their usual pathology and 8.8% for a first episode psychosis. In the CGI scale, all the patients admitted scored as severe or markedly ill; going mostly mildly ill at discharge. For 55.9% of patients, the treatment was changed to PP, 29.4% of the dose was increased PP and 14.7% antipsychotic treatment was started with PP. Among patients change treatment, the main reason was non-adherence (47.4%). 70.6% of our patients were discharged with PP as only antipsychotic and 29.4% which was discharged with another antipsychotic, the most frequent association was of PP with Quetiapine (80%).

PP is a highly effective medicament in the treatment of the schizophrenia that improves the adherence to the treatment, so in our experience and we consider it a medicament to be considered in the early stages of the disease. According to our experience and there are patients who can benefit from better control of symptoms adjusting the dose individually.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Hyperthyroidism may lead to high anxiety status, emotional lability, irritability, overactivity, exaggerated sensitivity to noise, and fluctuating mood, insomnia and hyporexia. in extreme cases, they may appear delusions and hallucinations as psychiatric symptoms.

we report the case of a 53-year-old female who was diagnosed of hyperthyroidism and generalized anxiety disorder. The patient went to emergency department because of high levels of anxiety, with heart palpitations, trembling, shortness of breath and nausea. She was presenting auditory hallucinations and delusions as psychiatric symptoms. an urgent thyroid profile was made and it was observed the next results: TSH < 0.005; T4:4; T3:21. Due to a severe thyroid malfunction, the patient was admitted and treated with antithyroid agent, improving the psychiatric and somatic symptoms.

in this case, a patient diagnosed of hyperthyroidism and generalized anxiety disorder presented very severe psychiatric symptoms, with hallucinations and delusions. These symptoms may be produced by primary psychiatric disorders, but is very important to look for thyroid alterations, because if they are the cause, the acute treatment of thyroid malfunction is the correct management of the patient.

Hyperthyroidism is very common in general population, being infradiagnosed most of times. in patient with anxiety or other psychiatric symptoms, it is very important to make a thyroid function tests before the diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder. in extreme cases, hyperthyroidism status may lead to severe psychiatric and somatic complications.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Alcohol use is a common behavior in most people in our society. A first episode of alcoholism can be fully recovered through specialized treatment and other protective factors and need not become a relapse later.

Whether there are differences in alcohol use after 1, 3 and 6 months after the administration of paliperidone palmitate extended-release injectable suspension in a sample of patients.

This is a descriptive study that analyzed the differences observed with respect to alcohol use after administration of paliperidone palmitate in a sample of 98 patients attending in a Mental Health Centre, in the Unit for drug dependency to present pathology dual.

The percentage of alcohol use at baseline is 56.1% of the total sample.

One month after treatment with paliperidone palmitate the percentage of use is reduced to 31.6%. At 3 months of treatment the reduction is more significant assuming only the 6.1% of the total sample. Finally after 6 months of treatment the percentage of patients maintaining alcohol use is 4.1%, which represents a 52% reduction compared to the initial rate of use.

The data reflect a 92% reduction in alcohol use after 6 months of the administration of paliperidone palmitate.

We can say that paliperidone palmitate is effective in reducing alcohol use in patients with dual diagnosis.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The most common psychiatric disorders associated with substance use in patients with dual diagnosis, personality disorders are followed by schizophrenic disorder. Among the substances used in patients with dual diagnosis, stands cocaine, followed by cannabis and alcohol.

Evaluate the differences in the frequency of sex for cocaine and cannabis consumed in a sample of patients undergoing follow Mental-Health Center for Drug Dependency Unit.

We conducted a cross-sectional study and analyze the differences by gender for the frequency and pattern of cocaine and cannabis, in a sample of patients in treatment at the Mental-Health Center for a year to present dual pathology.

There are significant differences in the frequency of cocaine use among men and women. Eight percent of men use cocaine compared to 0% of women. This monthly cocaine use is more common in women than in men at 45.5% versus 21.8%. Of women, 27.3% use cocaine fortnightly, which is not typical for men (0% of men in the sample). The weekly use of cocaine represents 55.2% among men compared to 27.3% of women.

There are no significant differences in the frequency of cannabis use among men and women. Both sexes consume cannabis daily.

The monthly cocaine use is more common in women. In men the most common is the use of cocaine weekly.

In both sexes cannabis use is more common daily.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

To study the association of meal patterns and timing with central obesity to identify the best dietary strategies to deal with the increasing obesity prevalence.

A cross-sectional study performed on data from a representative sample of the Spanish population. Height and waist circumference were measured using standardized procedures and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was calculated. The sample was divided into those without central obesity (WHtR<0·5) and those with central obesity (WHtR≥0·5).

ANIBES (‘Anthropometric data, macronutrients and micronutrients intake, practice of physical activity, socioeconomic data and lifestyles in Spain’) Study.

Adults aged 18–64 years (n 1655; 798 men and 857 women).

A higher percentage of people ate more than four meals daily in the group without central obesity and those with central obesity more frequently skipped the mid-afternoon snack than those without. Breakfasts containing >25 % of total energy intake and lunches containing >35 % of total energy intake were associated with increased likelihood of central obesity (OR=1·874, 95 % CI 1·019, 3·448; P<0·05 and OR=1·693, 95 % CI 1·264, 2·268; P<0·001, respectively). On the contrary, mid-morning snacks and mid-afternoon snacks containing >15 % of total energy were associated with decreased likelihood of central obesity (OR=0·477, 95 % CI 0·313, 0·727; P<0·001 and OR=0·650, 95 % CI 0·453, 0·932; P<0·05, respectively). The variety of cereals, wholegrain cereals and dairy was higher in the population without central obesity.

Our results suggest that ‘what and when we eat’ should be considered dietary strategies to reduce central obesity.