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132 results

Page 1 of 7

  • Recent advances in neural interfaces—Materials chemistry to clinical translation
  • Christopher J. Bettinger, Melanie Ecker, Takashi Daniel Yoshida Kozai, George G. Malliaras, Ellis Meng, Walter Voit
  • Journal: MRS Bulletin / Volume 45 / Issue 8 / August 2020
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 August 2020, pp. 655-668
  • Print publication: August 2020
  • View abstract

    Implantable neural interfaces are important tools to accelerate neuroscience research and translate clinical neurotechnologies. The promise of a bidirectional communication link between the nervous system of humans and computers is compelling, yet important materials challenges must be first addressed to improve the reliability of implantable neural interfaces. This perspective highlights recent progress and challenges related to arguably two of the most common failure modes for implantable neural interfaces: (1) compromised barrier layers and packaging leading to failure of electronic components; (2) encapsulation and rejection of the implant due to injurious tissue–biomaterials interactions, which erode the quality and bandwidth of signals across the biology–technology interface. Innovative materials and device design concepts could address these failure modes to improve device performance and broaden the translational prospects of neural interfaces. A brief overview of contemporary neural interfaces is presented and followed by recent progress in chemistry, materials, and fabrication techniques to improve in vivo reliability, including novel barrier materials and harmonizing the various incongruences of the tissue–device interface. Challenges and opportunities related to the clinical translation of neural interfaces are also discussed.

Beyond Evolutionary Psychology
  • Beyond Evolutionary Psychology
  • How and Why Neuropsychological Modules Arise
  • George Ellis, Mark Solms
  • Published online: 14 December 2017
  • Print publication: 28 December 2017
  • View description
    The nature/nurture question is an age-old problem. Beyond Evolutionary Psychology deals with the relation between culture, evolution, psychology and emotion, based both in the underlying biology, determined by our evolutionary heritage, and in the interaction of our brain with the physical, ecological and social environment, based in the key property of brain plasticity. Ellis and Solms show how the brain structures that underlie cognition and behaviour relate to each other through developmental processes guided by primary emotional systems. This makes very clear which brain modules are innate or 'hard-wired', and which are 'soft-wired' or determined through environmental interactions. The key finding is that there can be no innate cognitive modules in the neocortex, as this is not possible on both developmental and genetic grounds; in particular there can be no innate language acquisition device. This is essential reading for students and scholars of evolutionary psychology and evolutionary biology.
  • 1 - The Domain of Cosmology and the Testing of Cosmological Theories
    • from Part I - Issues in the Philosophy of Cosmology
  • Edited by Khalil Chamcham, University of Oxford, Joseph Silk, University of Oxford, John D. Barrow, University of Cambridge, Simon Saunders, University of Oxford
  • Book: The Philosophy of Cosmology
  • Published online: 18 April 2017
  • Print publication: 13 April 2017, pp 3-39
  • View extract

    Summary

    This chapter is about foundational themes underlying the scientific study of cosmology:

    • What issues will a theory of cosmology deal with?

    • What kinds of causation will be taken into account as we consider the relation between chance and necessity in cosmology?

    • What kinds of data and arguments will we use to test theories, when they stretch beyond the bounds of observational probing?

    • Should we weaken the need for testing and move to a post-empirical phase, as some have suggested?

    These are philosophical issues at the foundation of the cosmological enterprise. The answer may be obvious or taken for granted by scientists in many cases, and so seem hardly worth mentioning; but that has demonstrably led to some questionable statements about what is reliably known about cosmology, particularly in popular books and public statements. The premise of this chapter is that it is better to carefully think these issues through and make them explicit, rather than having unexamined assumed views about them shaping cosmological theories and their public presentation. Thus, as in other subjects, being philosophical about what is being undertaken will help clarify practice in the area.

    The basic enterprise of cosmology is to use tested physical theories to understand major aspects of the universe in which we live, as observed by telescopes of all kinds. The foundational issue arising is the uniqueness of the universe [66, 27, 28]. Standard methods of scientific theory testing rely on comparing similar objects to determine regularities, so they cannot easily be applied in the cosmological context, where there is no other similar object to use in any comparison. We have to extrapolate from aspects of the universe to hypotheses about the seen and unseen universe as a whole. Furthermore, physical explanations of developments in the very early universe depend on extrapolating physical theories beyond the bounds where they can be tested in a laboratory or particle collider. Hence philosophical issues of necessity arise as we push the theory beyond its testable limits. Making them explicit clarifies what is being done and illuminates issues that need careful attention.

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