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5 results

  • Chapter 4 - Autonomy and Moral Empiricism

  • Edited by Stefano Bacin, Università degli Studi di Milano, Oliver Sensen, Tulane University, Louisiana
  • Book:
    The Emergence of Autonomy in Kant's Moral Philosophy
    Published online:
    05 October 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 67-82

  • Summary

    Between 1762 and 1785, Kant extensively examines moral sense philosophy, which is very influential at the time, in his unpublished notes and lectures on moral philosophy. Between 1762 and 1766/68 Kant sympathizes with Shaftesbury’s and Hutcheson’s theory of moral feeling, especially with their anti-rationalist claim that the rational cognition of moral principles is not sufficient to motivate us. During the 1770s, however, Kant criticizes the empiricist implications of moral sense philosophy without, nevertheless, completely rejecting certain essential elements of it. While rationalism and moral sense philosophy attributed both the capacity to cognize the morally good and the power to make us comply with this cognition to reason and moral sense respectively, Kant is now working on a differentiation between and coordination of (a) reason as cognition and (b) moral sense as motivation to comply. Kant’s criticism of empiricism – in addition to his criticism of moral rationalism – leads him finally, from 1785 on, to his ‘third way’ that integrates the insights of moral rationalism and of moral empiricism.

  • High Dose Tamoxifen and Radiotherapy in Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Phase IB Study

  • Thierry Muanza, George Shenouda, Luis Souhami, Robert Corns, Richard Leblanc, Gerard Mohr, Adrian Langleben
  • Journal:
    Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 27 / Issue 4 / November 2000
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 December 2014, pp. 302-306
    • Article
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  • Purpose:

    To assess the feasibility and the toxicity of adjuvant high dose tamoxifen (TAM) and postoperative brain irradiation for patients with newly-diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).

    Material and Methods:

    Twelve patients with histopathologically confirmed GBM entered the study. There were nine males and three females, with median age of 48.8 years (range 30-75 years). Karnofsky performance status (KPS) was 60-70% for four patients and 80-100% for eight patients. Based on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recursive partition analysis, there were three class III patients, six class IV, one class V, and two class VI. Eleven patients underwent partial surgical tumor resection and one patient had a near complete resection. Two weeks post surgery, the patients were started on high dose TAM (120mg/m2 P.O. BID for three months). Two weeks from date of starting TAM, external beam radiotherapy (RT) was given at a dose of 59.4 Gy/33 qd fractions/6.5 weeks. Patients were assessed weekly for toxicity during treatment. Imaging studies were done at the end of two weeks of TAM, then monthly.

    Results:

    Median follow-up was 40 weeks (range 22-84 weeks). In one patient, TAM was associated with significant vomiting, necessitating the TAM dose to be decreased at three weeks and then stopped at two months. One other patient had bilateral deep venous thrombosis after 51/2 weeks on TAM, although the relationship to TAM was not firmly established. There were no radiological responses after two weeks of TAM or at the end of RT. The median time to progression was 17.7 weeks (range 5.1- 43.8 weeks). Median survival time was 33.4 weeks (range 10-79.7). Actuarial survival at 48 and 74 weeks was 40% and 15%, respectively.

    Conclusion:

    Our study shows that adjuvant high dose TAM is feasible and relatively well-tolerated. Furthermore, the combined use of high dose TAM and RT postoperatively was not associated with any significant increase in radiation-induced neurological toxicity. However, high dose TAM does not appear to improve treatment results.

  • 7 - Moral obligation: rights, duties, virtues

  • from PART II - PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY
  • Edited by Will Dudley, Williams College, Massachusetts
  • Book:
    Immanuel Kant
    Published by:
    Acumen Publishing
    Published online:
    05 February 2013
    Print publication:
    30 November 2010, pp 120-135

  • Summary

    Terminology: morals – right – ethics

    It is quite common to speak of “Kantian Ethics”. Kant himself uses this terminology in the Preface to the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) where he distinguishes between physics as the science of the laws of nature and ethics as the science of the laws of freedom (G 4:387). In the Groundwork, following the ancient philosophical tradition, Kant uses the terms “ethics” and “doctrine of morals” [Sittenlehre] synonymously.

    But in The Metaphysics of Morals (1797) Kant abandons the long-standing terminological equivalence between “ethics” and “morals”. To prevent misunderstandings of his philosophical views, it is crucial to appreciate this shift in his terminology. At the beginning of the second part of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant explains:

    In ancient times “ethics” signified the doctrine of morals (philosophia moralis) in general, which was also called the doctrine of duties. Later on it seemed better to reserve the name “ethics” for one part of moral philosophy, namely for the doctrine of those duties that do not come under external laws (it was thought appropriate to call this, in German, the doctrine of virtue). Accordingly, the system of the doctrine of duties in general is now divided into the system of the doctrine of right (ius), which deals with duties that can be given by external laws, and the system of the doctrine of virtue (Ethica), which treats of duties that cannot be so given; and this division may stand.

    (MM 6:379)

    In the terminology of 1797, “morals” is a general term referring to all “duties” or “obligations”, whether legal or ethical.

  • Developing Public Policy Theory: Perspectives from Empirical Research*

  • George D. Greenberg, Jeffrey A. Miller, Lawrence B. Mohr, Bruce C. Vladeck
  • Journal:
    American Political Science Review / Volume 71 / Issue 4 / December 1977
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 August 2014, pp. 1532-1543
    Print publication:
    December 1977

  • There has been considerable interest in the development of theories of public policy formation, but theoretical efforts to date have not demonstrated adequate recognition of the distinctive qualities of the dependent variable as a focus of research. Facets of public policy are far more difficult to study systematically than most other phenomena investigated empirically by political scientists. Our attempt to test hypotheses with some rigor demonstrated that public policy becomes troublesome as a research focus because of inherent complexity–specifically because of the temporal nature of the process, the multiplicity of participants and of policy provisions, and the contingent nature of theoretical effects. We use examples of policy making taken from the case study literature to show concretely how such complexity makes it essentially impossible to test apparently significant hypotheses as they are presented by Lowi, Dahl, Banfield, and others. Our effort here is to enhance theoretical development by carefully specifying and clarifying the major shortcomings and pointing out the apparent directions of remedy.