This Welcoming Address on behalf of Boston University, the host institution for IAU Symposium 112, was given at the Symposium Banquet, which was held at the new hall of flags of Boston University in the evening of June 19, 1984.

As part of a program to study surge-type glaciers, a radar-depth survey, using a frequency of 620 MHz, has been made of Trapridge Glacier, Yukon Territory. Soundings were taken at 26 locations on the glacier surface and a maximum ice thickness of 143 m was measured. A rapid change in surface slope in the lower ablation region marks the boundary between active and stagnant ice and is suggestive of an “ice dam” or the water “collection zone” postulated by Robin and Weertman for surging glaciers.

As the central component of heightened vascularization in glioblastoma (GBM), endothelial cells (EC) are arguably the most responsive stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment during conventional treatment using ionizing radiation (IR). Although the inherent tumor tropism and angiogenic property of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) has been documented in many cancer types including GBM, little is known about the function of MSC that are recruited to the GBM tumor microenvironment. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of MSC on irradiated EC. Here we studied the influence of IR, MSC or MSC condition media (CM) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). IR was found to up-regulate mRNA levels of CXCL5, CXCL10, ICAM1, VCAM1, VEGF-c and tissue factor (TF) in a dose-dependent manner whereas MSC co-culture boosted the expression of ICAM1, VCAM1, VEGF-c, TF, and MCP3. An additive effect of IR and MSC-culture was most detected with respect to ICAM1, TF and CXCL5 under 2Gy. MSC co-culture decreased IR-induced phospho-p53 in HUVECs at 15Gy. In addition, IR decreased the level of phospho-Akt in HUVECs as well as cell proliferation. Notably, both effects were countered by MSC CM. Interestingly, up-regulation of the same set of IR-driven genes in GBM was positively correlated with poor survival in the TCGA GBM database, a correlation that was lost if using gene list that was obtained from IR and MSC combine. These findings suggest that MSC promotes angiogenesis in GBM by overturning the IR-induced active state of endothelial cells and rendering them radio-resistant.

A randomised controlled trial (RCT) of high-dose v. low-dose fish oil in recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA) demonstrated that the group allocated to high-dose fish oil had increased remission and decreased failure of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy. This study examines the relationships between plasma phospholipid levels of the n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, EPA and DHA, and remission and DMARD use in recent-onset RA. EPA and DHA were measured in blood samples from both groups of the RCT. The data were analysed as a single cohort, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine relationships between plasma phospholipid (PL) EPA and DHA and various outcome measures. When analysed as a single cohort, plasma PL EPA was related to time to remission, with a one unit increase in EPA (1 % total fatty acids) associated with a 12 % increase in the probability of remission at any time during the study period (hazard ratio (HR)=1·12; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·23; P=0·02). Adjustment for smoking, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and ‘shared epitope’ HLA-DR allele status did not change the HR. Plasma PL EPA, adjusted for the same variables, was negatively related to time to DMARD failure (HR=0·85; 95 % CI 0·72, 0·99; P=0·047). The HR for DHA and time to remission or DMARD failure were similar in magnitude to those for EPA, but not statistically significant. Biomarkers of n-3 status, such as plasma PL EPA, have the potential to predict clinical outcomes relevant to standard drug treatment of RA patients.

Randomised controlled trials (RCT) examining the effects of fish oil supplementation on cardiac outcomes have yielded varying results over time. Although RCT are placed at the top of the evidence hierarchy, this methodology arose in the framework of pharmaceutical development. RCT with pharmaceuticals differ in important ways from RCT involving fish oil interventions. In particular, in pharmaceutical RCT, the test agent is present only in the intervention group and not in the control group, whereas in fish oil RCT, n-3 fats are present in the diet and in the tissues of both groups. Also, early phase studies with pharmaceuticals determine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to design the dose of the RCT intervention so that it is in a predicted linear dose–response range. None of this happens in fish oil RCT, and there is evidence that both baseline n-3 intake and tissue levels may be sufficiently high in the dose–response range that it is not possible to demonstrate a clinical effect with a RCT. When these issues are considered, it is possible that the changing pattern of fish consumption and fish oil use over time, especially in cardiac patients, can explain the disparity where benefit was observed in the early fish oil trials but not in the more recent trials.

High-redshift quasars are unique probes of the evolution of supermassive black holes and the intergalactic medium at the end of the epoch of reionization. We present the optical spectra of eight new z ~ 6 quasars selected from the Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System 1 (Pan-STARRS1). Details of the selection strategy can be found in Bañados et al. (2014). With this work we increase the number of known quasars at z < 5.7 by more than 10%. The quasars discovered here span a large range of luminosities (19.6 ≤ zP1 ≤ 21.2) and are remarkably heterogeneous in their spectral features: half of them show bright emission lines whereas the other half show weak or no Lyα emission line. We find a larger fraction of weak–line emission quasars than in lower redshift studies, although still based on low number statistics, this may imply that the quasar population could be more diverse than previously thought.

The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) is developing a safety case for the long-term management of higher activity wastes. This includes safety assessments of transport to and operations at the repository. One of the main faults and hazards to be considered is waste package response to impact accidents.

The criteria of impact performance for waste packages are based upon activity release of particulates generated from the break up of the waste form during impact. The NDA approach to impact performance is based upon waste package response from finite element modelling in combination with break-up tests.

Previous break up research commissioned by the NDA has concentrated on commercial graphite and glass samples. These extended studies, undertaken by the National Nuclear Laboratory in collaboration with the Department of Aerosol Technology of the Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, provide break-up data specific to nuclear facilities and waste materials. These include archived unirrradiated graphite used to construct Magnox reactor cores and reflectors, simulant high level waste glass, selected grout formulations and selected metal-in-grout formulations.

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.

Crystal growth and surface diffusion have been studied in the Ag/Ge(lll) system using UHV-SEM based techniques, biassed secondary electron imaging (b-SEI), micro-AES and RHEED. Ag was deposited through and past a mask of holes held close to the substrate at 300<Td< 775K. Under certain conditions, the Ag patches were observed to split into two regions corresponding to the √3×√3R30° (hereafter √3) and a lower coverage 4×4 structure, each of which were easily observable using b-SEI. These patch widths were measured as a function of Td, and of annealing times at temperatures Ta, and effective diffusion coefficents extracted. The diffusion length of adatoms over the 4×4 structure is larger than that over the √3 structure. These observations are modelled using kinetic rate equations, and the results are compared with previous studies of Ag/Si(111). We find that energies characterising processes on top of the √3 layers of both systems are very similar, but that processes involved in the formation of the layers are quite different. The coverage of the √3 Ag/Ge(111) layer is close to 1 ML for all Td studied, unlike √3 Ag/Si(111). where it depends on deposition and annealing conditions.

We probe the transitions between solid-like and fluid-like granular states in the presence of shaking in the horizontal and vertical directions. These transitions are fundamental to other aspects of granular flow such as avalanche flow, in which there is a free surface. Key control parameters include accelerations in the vertical and horizontal directions, Γ i = A i ω2 i /g, for shaking of the form s i = A i cos(ω i t + φ i ), i = h, v. Here, g is the acceleration of gravity. Also important is the relative phase between the two modes of shaking. We focus on low to moderate dimensionless accelerations, 0 < Γ v,h < 1.6. We consider first the case Γ v = 0, i.e. pure horizontal shaking. In this case, there is a hysteretic transition between solid and fluid states, where the fluid state consists of a sloshing layer of material of height H plus additional transverse flow. The hysteresis is lifted in the presence of a modest amount of fluidization by gas flow, or if a slight overburden is provided. We also identify a time scale, τ, for the transition between the phases that diverges inversely as the distance ε = (Γ h –Γ hc )/Γ hc , from the appropriate transition points, i.e. as τ α ε-1. We identify a new convective mechanism, associated with horizontal shearing at the walls, as the mechanism that drives the transverse convective flow. For combined horizontal and vertical shaking, there exist a related set of novel dynamics and stability properties. These include the spontaneous formation of a static heap and a transition to flow, similar to the flow state under horizontal shaking, when the vertical acceleration Γ v < 1. A simple friction model provides a good description of the steady states and a reasonably good description of the transition to flow. Horizontal and vertical shaking frequencies that differ by a small amount can lead to a novel switching state, as the relative phase, φ h —φ v , shifts over time.

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.

The production of potent toxins by bloom-, scum- and mat-forming cyanobacteria, in fresh-, brackish and marine waters, appears to be a global phenomenon. Cyanobacterial toxins can also be produced by cyanobacteria from terrestrial sources. The range and number of known cyanobacterial toxins are increasing apace as associated poisoning incidents are investigated, and increasingly powerful analytical methods are applied to complement toxicity-based studies on both natural samples and laboratory isolates of cyanobacteria. Water quality management to reduce toxic cyanobacterial mass developments, and schemes to mitigate the potential effects of cyanobacterial toxins, require an understanding of the occurrence and properties of the toxins and of the exposure routes via which the toxins present risks to health. Here, we review advances in the recognition of cyanobacterial toxins and their toxicity, and of the exposure routes with reference to human health, namely via skin contact, inhalation, haemodialysis and ingestion (the oral route).

The effect of intake on urea production, entry into the digestive tract and return of N to the ornithine cycle was studied in four sheep. Each sheep received 0–6, 1–2 and 1.8 × estimated maintenance energy intake quantities of grass pellets for 9 d. After 4 d of adjustment, N balance measurements were conducted between days 5 and 8. From day 7 to day 9 animals were continuously infused, via the jugular vein, with [15N15N]urea and three urine samples were collected at approximately 2h intervals 48–54h after the start of infusion. Total urea and enrichments of [15N15N]- and [14N15N]urea in the urine samples were determined. Urea production was calculated from the isotopic dilution of [15N15N]urea and entry into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) obtained from the difference between this and urinary urea elimination. Urea which enters the GIT undergoes hydrolysis to liberate NH3 which may be reabsorbed and enter the ornithine cycle, in which case the product is [14N15N]urea, based on the probabilities of labelled and unlabelled N providing ureagenic precursors. The quantity of urea-N which returns to the ornithine cycle from the GIT can thus be calculated. Existing models based on this approach yield overestimates of the fate of individual urea molecules due to a failure to allow for multiple recycling of [14N15N]urea species through the GIT. Refinements introduced to cover this resulted in a 33–48 % reduction in calculated return of label for the current study. The present model also predicted that 95 % of the label movements across the GIT could be accommodated by three or fewer entries and returns of urea-N and 99 % by recycling for a maximum of six occasions. Urea-N production increased with intake (P < 0.001) and exceeded digestible N values at all intakes. Urea which entered the digestive tract, both in absolute terms (P < 0.001) and as a proportion of production (0.62, 0.69, 0.73; P = 0.027), increased with intake. The proportion of entry into the digestive tract which was returned to the ornithine cycle remained reasonably constant (0.37–0.41) across all intakes but the absolute amount increased (5.6, 9.2 and 15.0gN/d; P < 0.001) with intake. If allowance is included for losses of 15N in faeces then the approach offers a relatively simple means of estimating anabolic reuse of urea by digestive tract micro-organisms and can complement data obtained from the technically more demanding arterio-venous and multiple-isotope techniques used hitherto.

Urea: Gastrointestinal tract: [15N]kinetics: Sheep