We recently reported on the radio-frequency attenuation length of cold polar ice at Summit Station, Greenland, based on bi-static radar measurements of radio-frequency bedrock echo strengths taken during the summer of 2021. Those data also allow studies of (a) the relative contributions of coherent (such as discrete internal conducting layers with sub-centimeter transverse scale) vs incoherent (e.g. bulk volumetric) scattering, (b) the magnitude of internal layer reflection coefficients, (c) limits on signal propagation velocity asymmetries (‘birefringence’) and (d) limits on signal dispersion in-ice over a bandwidth of ~100 MHz. We find that (1) attenuation lengths approach 1 km in our band, (2) after averaging 10 000 echo triggers, reflected signals observable over the thermal floor (to depths of ~1500 m) are consistent with being entirely coherent, (3) internal layer reflectivities are ≈–60$\to$–70 dB, (4) birefringent effects for vertically propagating signals are smaller by an order of magnitude relative to South Pole and (5) within our experimental limits, glacial ice is non-dispersive over the frequency band relevant for neutrino detection experiments.

Over the last 25 years, radiowave detection of neutrino-generated signals, using cold polar ice as the neutrino target, has emerged as perhaps the most promising technique for detection of extragalactic ultra-high energy neutrinos (corresponding to neutrino energies in excess of 0.01 Joules, or 1017 electron volts). During the summer of 2021 and in tandem with the initial deployment of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G), we conducted radioglaciological measurements at Summit Station, Greenland to refine our understanding of the ice target. We report the result of one such measurement, the radio-frequency electric field attenuation length $L_\alpha$. We find an approximately linear dependence of $L_\alpha$ on frequency with the best fit of the average field attenuation for the upper 1500 m of ice: $\langle L_\alpha \rangle = ( ( 1154 \pm 121) - ( 0.81 \pm 0.14) \, ( \nu /{\rm MHz}) ) \,{\rm m}$ for frequencies ν ∈ [145 − 350] MHz.

Introduction: In 2010, Alberta Health Services (AHS) introduced Transition Coordinators (TC), a unique nursing role focused on assessment of elderly patients to support safe discharge home. The objective of this study is to describe patient characteristics to predict safe discharge for seniors (≥65 years of age) and identify barriers that can be used to improve ED outcomes for these patients. Methods: Two trained research assistants conducted a chart review of the TC referral form and the ED Information System (EDIS) for patients seen by TCs between April and June 2017. Information on patient characteristics, existing home care and community services, the index ED visit and subsequent revisits were extracted. Data were entered into a purpose-built database in REDCap. A descriptive analysis was conducted; results are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median (interquartile range [IQR]), or proportions, as appropriate. Results: A total of 1411 patients with TC referral forms were included (779 [55%] female). The majority of these patients were ≥65 (1350 [96%]) with a mean age of 82 ± 9.6. The majority of patients were triaged as a CTAS of 3 (835 [59%]) with the most common reasons for presentation including: shortness of breath (128 [9%]), abdominal pain (94 [6.7%]), and general weakness (81 [5.7%]). Nearly one third of patients (391 [30%]) were already receiving home care services; (96 [7%]) received a new home care referral as a result of their ED visit. Of all the patients, 1111 (79%) had comorbidities (median: 3 [IQR: 1 to 5]). Overall, 38% (n = 536) patients had visited the ED in the 12 months prior to the index with a median of 2 [IQR: 1 to 4) visits. On average, patient's length of stay for their index visits was 12 ± 0.35 hours. Admissions occurred for 599 [42%] patients with delays being common; the mean time between the decision to admit and the patient leaving the ED was 6 hrs ± 0.23. Conclusion: Seniors in the ED are complex patients who experience long lengths of stay and frequent delays in decision-making. Upon discharge, few patients receive referrals to community supports, potentially increasing the likelihood of revisits and readmissions. Future studies should assess whether the presence of TCs is associated with better outcomes in the community.

Les signes neurologiques mineurs (SNM) sont des marqueurs aujourd’hui bien reconnus dans la schizophrénie, présents à un moindre degré chez les apparentés. Leur signification et leur spécificité reste néanmoins incertaines. Des aspects méthodologiques pourraient expliquer certaines de ces incertitudes (échelles variables selon les publications, méthodes de cotation sensible ou non au changement, types de signes pris en comptes etc) [1]. Les corrélats des SNM peuvent apporter des éléments de réponses sur leur origine et leur signification. Nous avons ainsi montré que la SNM sont associés à une moindre performance cognitive, à plus d’erreurs dans les tâches oculomotrices, notamment dans des tâches de saccades adaptatives [2], ainsi à une altération du circuit préfronto cérébelleux [3], suggérant un dysfonctionnement cérébelleux.

Par ailleurs, nous avons également montré que les patients ayant des SNM ont une altération de la morphologie corticale, avec une moindre gyrification corticale, témoignant de l’origine développementale des SNM [4].

Enfin, nous avons montré récemment que les SNM sont plus marqués chez les sujets présentant un début des troubles précoces, avant l’adolescence (avant 15 ans), comparés à ceux présentant un trouble débutant à l’âge adulte, suggérant à nouveau que les SNM sont les marqueurs d’une forme à charge développementale plus importante.

L’association des SNM avec un âge de début précoce et des anomalies structurales touchant en particulier les circuits cérébelleux, suggère que les SNM pourraient permettre d’identifier un sous-type de schizophrénie précoce, et interroge sur un continuum avec les troubles du spectre autistique.

Les jeunes adultes consultant dans les services de psychiatrie générale présentent parfois des symptômes psychotiques associés à un développement atypique (troubles comportementaux dans l’enfance, troubles des apprentissages, etc.). Ces patients constituent un enjeu pour les équipes de psychiatrie adulte : la prise en charge apparaît souvent peu efficiente (intolérance aux traitements, difficulté à établir un projet de réinsertion, etc.). Pour ces cas complexes de « psychoses de l’adolescent », nous proposons dans notre unité de remédiation cognitive (C3RP) une investigation approfondie et multidisciplinaire de la période développementale, de la petite enfance jusqu’à l’émergence des premiers symptômes psychotiques. Cette relecture sémiologique nous permet d’affiner le diagnostic et de proposer un parcours de soin individualisé, combinant des traitements pharmacologiques et des prises en charge rééducatives. Nous présentons ici le cas de Mademoiselle C., jeune femme pour laquelle le diagnostic de schizophrénie a été porté initialement. L’examen neuropsychologique et l’entretien psychiatrique centré sur la petite enfance, associés aux examens biologiques, anatomiques et génétiques nous ont permis de repenser le diagnostic comme un trouble du développement avec symptômes psychotiques dans un contexte d’anomalie génétique de novo (microduplication 17p13.3). Un traitement pharmacologique adapté (aripiprazole, méthylphénidate et S-citalopram) ainsi qu’une rééducation logico-mathématique ont été associés à des programmes de remédiation cognitive (cognition froide et cognition sociale). Pour les aspects attentionnels, exécutifs et mnésiques le programme CRT avec une adaptation spécifique au cursus universitaire a été suivi. En parallèle, le SAMSAH Prepsy a pu ajuster au quotidien les conditions de son apprentissage et l’aider à la réalisation d’une formation d’assistante de librairie. Pour ces jeunes patients complexes avec nécessité cruciale d’un parcours de réhabilitation, la conjonction d’une remédiation et d’un service d’accompagnement au quotidien est décisive pour l’accomplissement des projets professionnels et personnels.

Introduction: Qualitative research with emergency department (ED) patients in Alberta has revealed that some patients have limited understanding of the ED care process and that this increases the anxiety, frustration and confusion experienced throughout their visit. The objective of this study was to design, implement, and test the usefulness of a poster explaining the ED care process. Methods: As part of a stepped-wedge ED intervention trial in Alberta, a 4′ x 3′ poster portraying the patient ED care process was developed and posted in 15 study site waiting rooms. Trained research assistants approached patients in 3 urban ED waiting areas and invited them to complete a short paper-based survey on the acceptability and usefulness of the poster. Results are reported as proportions. Results: A total of 316 patients agreed to participate in this study. Approximately half of the participants were male and 60% were between the ages of 17 and 49. The majority of participants identified themselves as white (72%) and nearly half (49%) were accompanied by someone. A third (37%) of patients had read the wall poster prior to being approached to complete the survey. Most patients (62%) who had not read it prior to being approached hadn't noticed the poster or couldn't see it because of its location. Once patients reviewed the poster, the vast majority (92%) reported completely or largely understanding the information and most (84%) found it at least moderately helpful in preparing them for their ED journey. Approximately 45% of respondents agreed that they learned something new about the ED care process by reading the poster and 20% wanted additional information added to the poster; largely, wait time estimates (53% of responses). Conclusion: Placing posters in the ED is one method for equipping patients for their ED care process; however, this study revealed the potential limited utility of this engagement method by the small number of patients who noticed the poster and read the information. Location and content (e.g., time estimates) were identified as key factors for implementation. Condition-specific guides may need to supplement general ED process guides to better prepare patients for their individual ED journey and to actively engage them in their ED care.

Introduction: Efforts to engage patients in research when presenting to emergency departments (EDs) have explored the utility of online tools; for example, through QR-based applications. It is unclear whether these are effective strategies for engaging patients in research activities while saving costs of in-person surveys. This study evaluated whether patients would participate in QR codes or short URL-linked surveys available in EDs across Alberta. Methods: A patient waiting room poster was developed as part of a stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial. The waiting room poster was introduced in 15 urban and regional Alberta EDs with a median annual volume of approximately 60,000. A QR-code and short URL were placed on the poster inviting patients to participate in an online survey and evaluate the poster's usefulness and acceptability. Additionally, written discharge instructions, which were part of the intervention materials, were distributed with QR-code and short URL link to surveys for patients to share their ED care experience. Patients were not prompted by any staff or research personnel to encourage use of the QR codes or the short URLs; however, a survey was conducted with ED waiting room patients in 3 urban EDs to ascertain whether they had downloaded a QR reader on their devices and the frequency of use of these applications. Results: Given the stepped-wedge nature of the study, these materials were available for a total of approximately 123 months (3 sites for 13 months, 4 sites for 10 months, 4 sites for 7 months, and 4 sites for 4 months). Over the study period, 15 patients accessed and completed the online survey linked to the QR code or the short URL placed on the posters. No patients completed the online surveys linked to the QR code or the short URL placed on the discharge instructions. The in-person survey conducted within the ED waiting room identified that 34% of respondents had a QR code reader downloaded on their phone (108/316). Of those with a QR reader, 33% reported using the reader at least once within the last 6 months. Conclusion: In this study, few patients downloaded QR readers on their electronic devices while in the ED waiting room. Without prompting, this appears to be an ineffective strategy for engaging patients in emergency medicine research. Other engagement strategies optimizing human resource investment are urgently needed to effectively conduct research in EDs.

Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) is an important forage legume and is the primary winter forage crop in Pakistan. There are significant gaps in yield potential among varieties of berseem clover, as well as yields obtained at research stations and on-farm. To address this problem a survey of farmers was undertaken in the districts of Kasur and Okara, Punjab, Pakistan to determine the level of knowledge and understanding of berseem forage cultivation and seed production. The study comprised 44% smallholder (<3 ha), 26% medium (3–5 ha) and 30% large farmers (>5 ha) with average age of 42 years. Most farmers had little or no knowledge of the role of seed quality, inoculation with rhizobium, pollination, fertiliser use, irrigation management and the importance of forage nutritional value in improving livestock productivity. Most farmers (56%) had received no input from the government or private sector to improve forage production, relying instead on traditional knowledge. Knowledge of the importance of land preparation (95%), sowing rate (98%) and insect and pest management (75%) was higher than seed selection and fertilisation. Adoption of improved varieties (3%) and production technologies (14%) was low due to various constraints including ignorance, high cost of inputs, lack of availability of inputs in the market and a perceived high level of financial risk. Almost 100% of the respondents agreed that seed of improved varieties was a pre-requisite for higher forage and seed production as well as essential to start village-based forage seed enterprises.

Introduction: Many barriers exist to integrating smoking cessation into delivery of lung cancer screening including limited provider time and patient misconceptions.

Aims: To demonstrate that proactive outreach from a telephone counsellor outside of the patient's usual care team is feasible and acceptable to patients.

Methods: Smokers undergoing lung cancer screening were approached for a telephone counselling study. Patients agreeing to participate in the intervention (n = 27) received two telephone counselling sessions. A 30-day follow-up evaluation was conducted, which also included screening participants receiving usual care (n = 56).

Results/Findings: Most (89%) intervention participants reported being satisfied with the proactive calls, and 81% reported the sessions were helpful. Use of behavioural cessation support programs in the intervention group was four times higher (44%) compared to the usual care group (11%); Relative Risk (RR) = 4.1; 95% CI: 1.7 to 9.9), and seven-day abstinence in the intervention group was double (19%) compared to the usual care group (7%); RR = 2.6; 95% CI: 0.8 to 8.9).

Conclusions: This practical telephone-based approach, which included risk messages clarifying continued risks of smoking in the context of screening results, suggests such messaging can boost utilisation of evidence-based tobacco treatment, self-efficacy, and potentially increase the likelihood of successful quitting.

Introduction: Headaches are a common emergency department (ED) presentation. The objective of this study was to characterize headache presentations in Alberta over a five-year period and explore the proportion of patients with potentially severe pathology. Methods: Administrative health data for Alberta (years 2011-2015) were obtained from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) for all adult (>17 years) headache presentations (ICD-10-CA: G43, G44, R51). Patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis code of headache were eligible for inclusion in the study. Exclusions were made using the following criteria: 1) sites without computed tomography (CT) scanners; 2) presentations with a Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) score of 1; 3) patients with trauma or external mechanism of injury (e.g., ICD-10-CA codes S,T,V,W,X,Y); and 4) presentations receiving an enhanced/contrast CT (head). NACRS data were linked with a provincial diagnostic imaging data. Data are reported as means and standard deviation (SD), medians and interquartile range (IQR) or proportions, as appropriate. Results: From 2011-2015, 98,333 presentations were made by 66,970 patients (~0.3 presentations per patient per year; equivalent to one presentation every 3.4 years). Headache presentations increased from 15,643 in 2011 to 21,636 in 2015. The median age was 38 years (IQR: 29, 51 years); more patients were female (69.3%), had a CTAS score of 3 (55%) and arrived at the ED without ambulance (90.3%). The majority of patients had a primary ED diagnosis of headache (88%) and the most common co-diagnosis was benign hypertension (2.8%). Additional diagnoses indicating severe or pathological headaches, included: stroke (0.63%), subarachnoid hemorrhage (0.43%), infection (i.e., meningitis) (0.11%), and other brain hemorrhages (0.08%). Overall, the ED management of approximately 25% of presentations involved a head CT. Most patients were discharged from the ED (89.4%) after a median length of stay of 3.5 hours (IQR: 2.1, 5.2 hours). Conclusion: Headache-related ED presentations are increasing in Alberta, yet few severe/pathological diagnoses are being identified. Efforts to ensure appropriateness of head CT ordering could reduce exposure to ionizing radiation, improve patient flow and reduce health care costs; this imaging represents a target for future interventions.

Introduction: Asthma is a chronic condition and exacerbations are a common reason for emergency department (ED) presentations across Canada. The objective of this study was to characterize and describe acute asthma presentations over a five-year period. Methods: Administrative health data for Alberta from 2011-2015 was obtained from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) for all adult (>17 years) acute asthma (ICD-10-CA: J45) ED presentations. All presentations to an Alberta ED with a primary or secondary diagnosis of acute asthma were eligible for inclusion. Presentations with a Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) score of 1 were excluded. Data from NACRS were linked with a provincial diagnostic imaging database. Data are reported as means and standard deviation (SD), medians and interquartile range (IQR) or proportions, as appropriate. Results: From 2011-2015, a total of 51,269 (~10,000/year) acute asthma presentations were made by 34,481 patients (~0.3 presentations per patient per year). The median age was 35 years (IQR: 25, 49 years) and more patients were female (57.2%). Few patients arrived to the ED by ambulance (6.5%) and the most frequent CTAS score was 3 (43.5%). The majority of these patients (77%) had a primary diagnosis of asthma in the ED. Differences were explored between those with a primary asthma diagnosis and those with a secondary diagnosis (e.g., ambulance arrival, length of stay, hospital admission, etc.). Although differences were statistically significant, no clinically relevant differences were identified. Patients with asthma most frequently had a co-diagnosis of acute upper respiratory infection (6.2%); other co-diagnoses included bronchitis (4.7%), pneumonia (3.7%), heart failure (0.18%), pulmonary embolism (0.15%), and pneumothorax (0.03%). For 39.3% of patients, ED management included chest x-ray. The majority of patients were discharged from the ED (92.2%) following a median length of stay of 2.2 hours (IQR: 1.2, 3.8 hours). Conclusion: Acute asthma remains an important ED presentation in Alberta and the absolute frequency of presentations has remained relatively stable over the past five years. Frequency of chest x-ray ordering is high and represents a target for future interventions to reduce ionizing radiation exposure, improve patient flow and reduce healthcare costs.

Introduction: Some non-urgent/low-acuity Emergency Department (ED) presentations are considered convenience visits and potentially avoidable with improved access to primary care services. This study surveyed patients who presented to the ED and explored their self-reported reasons and barriers for not being connected to a primary care provider (PCP). Methods: Patients aged 17 years and older were randomly selected from electronic registration records at three urban EDs in Edmonton, Alberta (AB), Canada. Following initial triage, stabilization, and verbal informed consent, patients completed a 47-item questionnaire. Data from the survey were cross-referenced to a minimal patient dataset consisting of ED and demographic information. The questionnaire collected information on patient characteristics, their connection to a PCP, and patients' reasons for not having a PCP. Results: Of the 2144 eligible patients, 1408 (65.7%) surveys were returned and 1402 (65.4%) were completed. The majority of patients (74.4%) presenting to the ED reported having a family physician; however, the ‘closeness’ of the connection to their family physician varied greatly among ED patients with the most recent family physician visit ranging from 1 hour before ED presentation to 45 years prior. Approximately 25% of low acuity ED patients reported no connection with a family physician. Reasons for a lack of PCP connection included: prior physician retired, left, or died (19.8%), they had never tried to find one (19.2%), they had recently moved to Alberta (18.0%), and they were unable to find one (16.5%). Conclusion: A surprisingly high proportion of ED patients (25.6%) have no identified PCP. Patients had a variety of reasons for not having a family physician. These need to be understood and addressed in order for primary care access to successfully contribute to diverting non-urgent, low acuity presentations from the ED.

Introduction: Some low acuity Emergency Department (ED) presentations are considered non-urgent or convenience visits and potentially avoidable with improved access to primary care. This study explored self-reported reasons why non-urgent patients presented to the ED. Methods: Patients, 17 years and older, were randomly selected from electronic registration records at three urban EDs in Edmonton, Alberta (AB), Canada during weekdays (0700 to 1900). A 47-item questionnaire was completed by each consenting patient, which included items on whether the patient believed the ED was their best care option and the rationale supporting their response. A thematic content analysis was performed on the responses, using previous experience and review of the literature to identify themes. Results: Of the 2144 eligible patients, 1408 (65.7%) questionnaires were returned, and 1402 (65.4%) were analyzed. For patients who felt the ED was their best option (n = 1234, 89.3%), rationales included: safety concerns (n = 309), effectiveness of ED care (n = 284), patient-centeredness of ED (n = 277), and access to health care professionals in the ED (n = 204). For patients who felt the ED was not their best care option (n = 148, 10.7%), rationales included a perception that: access to health professionals outside the ED was preferable (n = 39), patient-centeredness (particularly timeliness) was lacking in the ED (n = 26), and their health concern was not important enough to require ED care (n = 18). Conclusion: Even during times when alternative care options are available, the majority of non-urgent patients perceived the ED to be the most appropriate location for care. These results highlight that simple triage scores do not accurately reflect the appropriateness of care and that understanding the diverse and multi-faceted reasons for ED presentation are necessary to implement strategies to support non-urgent, low acuity care needs.