Control of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) on irrigated land was studied by application of herbicides once in the fall and then only in the spring for the next 4 yr. Control of field bindweed 8 months after a fall application of 2.2 kg/ha of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) or 3.4 kg/ha of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] was 90 and 83%, respectively. Spring applications of 0.28 kg/ha of dicamba, 0.56 kg of 2,4-D, or the mixture of these two herbicides suppressed the growth of field bindweed similarly each year. By the fall of the fourth year, field bindweed covered an average of 9% of the soil surface in the plots that received both fall- and spring-applied herbicide treatments, 72% in plots that received only fall-applied herbicide treatments, and 80% in the untreated plots. Yield of corn (Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer 3306’) was significantly higher in all treated plots than in the untreated check plots in 1 out of 2 yr. Yield of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ‘Pioneer 833’] was not increased significantly in any treated plots, but in 1 yr the mixture of 0.28 kg/ha of dicamba plus 0.56 kg/ha of 2,4-D reduced yield significantly when this mixture was applied twice at these same rates in the spring.

Under furrow irrigation, control of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) was at least 90% where 4.5 and 6.7 kg/ha of 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) had been applied 1 year before. Dicamba at 2.2 kg/ha, mixtures of dicamba and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), and 2,4-D alone were less effective. No herbicide treatment had eradicated field bindweed after 3 years, but the combined use of herbicides, tillage, and crop competition had suppressed the growth of field bindweed by 31 to 55%. Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) seedlings appeared normal where 2,4-D had been applied 8 months earlier, but over 90% of the seedlings were killed in plots treated with dicamba. Treatment with 2.2 kg/ha of 2,4-D and dicamba, singly or in combination, resulted in yields of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) significantly greater than yields from the untreated field bindweed check. The 4.5 and 6.7-kg/ha rates of dicamba still affected sugarbeets during the second year following treatment. Corn (Zea mays L.) production was not affected in the third year by any herbicide treatment. Dicamba, applied at 2.2, 4.5, and 6.7 kg/ha, persisted in the upper 15 cm of top soil for at least 12 months in amounts that were phytotoxic to field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sugarbeets.

Pre-operative functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has emerged as valuable clinical tool to help surgically manage patients diagnosed with brain tumours. Surgical decision-making may be significantly improved through the provision of fMRI, however its clinical usage is contingent on the level of agreement with direct cortical stimulation (DCS). While previous studies have been undertaken to investigate the spatial agreement between fMRI and DCS, the influence that various factors may have on fMRI sensitivity and specificity is not fully clear. Thus, in a group of eight brain tumour patients who underwent pre-operative fMRI followed intra-operative DCS during an awake craniotomy procedure, we measured the agreement between the two brain mapping techniques looking at the influence of behavioural task, statistical threshold, and task standardization. Results: There were significant differences between motor and language mapping, where agreement was better for the former. Sensitivity and specificity shared an inverse relationship with increasing fMRI threshold, and were significantly reduced in the case where tasks were not standardized. Lastly, false positive occurrences were identified as the dominate source of error in comparison to false negative occurrences. Conclusion: Thus, the results from this work suggest that fMRI can predict intraoperative findings with good accuracy, however, sources of variability may significantly reduce the quality of fMRI data at the single-subject level. Neurosurgeons should carefully evaluate fMRI data with these considerations prior to its inclusion in the surgical-decision making process.

High-resolution, multi-wavelength (UV through NIR) imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope has been obtained for three mergers in the Toomre Sequence, NGC 520, NGC 2623, & NGC 3256, to identify and measure the properties of young Globular Cluster (GC) candidates. Unlike previous merger studies, this work focuses on objects that lie in the middle of the Toomre Sequence. This age range represents a critical dynamical transition in the merging sequence between ongoing mergers and advanced remnants with properties more akin to elliptical galaxies. The early results of our investigation include luminosity functions and age-dating of the GC candidates. These results also address the impact of the dynamical state of the merger on the current young cluster population as compared with earlier studies that have dealt with the very oldest and very youngest mergers in the Toomre Sequence.

We present the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of the Antennae galaxies based on 8 observation performed with Chandra. We detect between 37 and 49 sources in each observation. After combining all observations we detect a total of 120 sources down to a limiting luminosity of ~ 2 x 1037 erg s–1. Comparison between the XLFs of the individual observations shows that they are not affected by source variability. The cumulative XLF of the coadded observations is well represented by a single power-law with a slope of ~ –0.5.

We report on our progress on the fabrication of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with extremely short gate length. AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with different gate length from 6 νm down to 60nm were fabricated to investigate DC- and high frequency behavior as well as short channel effects. We have found that the transistors with gates in the 100 nm range can be improved in the device performance with respect to transconductance and high frequency but shows also short channel effects as the loss of saturation in the output characteristics and a strong dependency of the threshold voltage on the gate length.

The effects of Ar+ ion beam etching (IBE) of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures and GaN/InGaN/GaN quantum well structures were investigated dependent on different ion incidence angles. The AlGaN/GaN heterostructure was measured before and after etching with respect to mobility and sheet resistance. The InGaN quantum well structure was measured with PL to determine the PL intensity and the energy shift, respectively. This experiments show that ion channeling is a significant defect generation phenomena in group- III nitrides at vertical ion incidence angle and can be minimized by tilting the sample against the ion beam.

Background. Personality psychopathology exerts a significant and independent effect on the course of benzodiazepine (BZ) discontinuation, worsening the subjective severity of withdrawal symptoms and significantly increasing the occurrence of early taper failures.

Method. One hundred and seventy-one patients participating in a BZ discontinuation programme were administered several personality measures prior to taper. Patients were stabilized for 3 weeks at their baseline BZ dosage and then tapered off 25% per week over 4 weeks, with the option to extend up to 6 weeks if necessary.

Results. High levels of passivity and dependency as assessed by the MMPI Dependence subcluster, and at a trend level high Eysenck Neuroticism and high TPQ Harm Avoidance contributed significantly to the prediction of benzodiazepine withdrawal severity. Though there was a high correlation between personality measures, psychopathology and adjusted BZ dose, the effects of personality on withdrawal severity was significant, particularly in the initial phases of BZ taper, when taper severity was still relatively mild.

Conclusions. These findings indicate that clinical decisions on how to manage BZ tapering should be guided by personality assessments, in addition to the usual considerations of BZ dosage, residual psychopathology, duration of treatment, etc. The potential for difficulty with discontinuation related to personality traits should be one of the factors weighed in the risk–benefit assessment made in the planning of benzodiazepine treatment for patients with anxious symptomatology.

The thermoregulatory responses in 13 haemodynamically stable patients were evaluated over a 7-h period following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Cutaneous vasoconstriction was defined by a forearm-to-fingertip skin temperature gradient (ΔTskin) ≥ 4°C and muscular hyperactivity was assessed by integrating the electromyographic signals (iEMG). Blood gases and lactate were measured in arterial, mixed venous and femoral venous blood. After arrival in ICU, we observed: (1) mild central hypothermia (Tc = 34.8±0.6°C) and elevated peripheral vascular resistance in all the patients; (2) ΔTskin ≥ 4°C in 11 of 13 patients that persisted until a median Tc of 37.1°C was achieved; (3) a transient increase in iEMG (±18%)was accompanied by an increase in total body O2 uptake (+28%); (4) elevated muscle O2 extraction rate(56±18% after 3 h) and lactate release. These data suggest that residual hypothermia in sedated patients safter cardiac surgery elicits appropriate thermoregulatory responses that are associated with transient O2 supply/uptake mismatch within skeletal muscles.

We studied by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and capacitance-voltage (CV) measurements the effects of doping (Zn, S), nitrogen implantation and annealing of n-type GaN grown on sapphire by MOVPE. The DLTS spectra of the as grown samples show two defect levels which are assumed to be identical with recently reported levels [10, 11]. In N-implanted GaN a third level is introduced which is not detectable in our as grown samples. This levels concentration follows the increasing N-implantation density. The depth profiles of its concentration correlate with the distribution of implantation defects expected from Monte-Carlo simulation. After annealing at 900°C for 60s the additional defect level vanishes. The DLTS spectrum then resembles those of annealed as grown samples. The n-type carrier concentration (CV measurements) increases in samples with low N-implantation dose. This implantation effect can be removed also with the RTA step. The increasing carrier concentration provides evidence that the N vacancy is a donor in GaN. For Zn and S doped GaN deep defect levels has been found, which are reported here.

We demonstrate room temperature laser activity of optically pumped GaN/GalnN-DFB-lasers. The ridge-waveguide DFB lasers were realized on GaN/GalnN double heterostructures grown by low-pressure metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. The best laser threshold we achieved is 1.9 MW/cm2.

By varying the grating period, the laser emission wavelength could be tuned from 399 to 415 nm. This allows to determine the dispersion relation of the effective refractive index neff(λ) and the spectral dependence of the pump power density at the laser threshold Pth(λ) over the whole emission range. Furthermore, the shift of the emission wavelength with temperature of the DFB-lasers is investigated and is found to be small compared to the emission wavelength shift of the gain maximum.

The performance of methods to determine energy conversion factors for dietary fibre (DF) supplements and fermentability (D) values of their non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) was investigated. Heats of combustion, digestible energy (DE) and D values were determined on five DF supplements in five European laboratories on five separate occasions. In each instance the DF supplements were fed to juvenile male VVistar rats at two doses, 50 and 100 g/kg basal diet, for 3 weeks with food and faeces collected in the 3rd week. Among-laboratory variations in heats of combustion (DHC<) were <2%. DE values (kJ/g dry weight) at the upper and lower doses respectively were: 10·4 and 9·9 for a high-methoxyl apple pectin, 9·5 and 9·4 for a sugar-beet DF supplement, 12·2 and 12·7 for soyabean DF supplement, 38 and 4·0 for maize bran, and 0·3 and 0·3 for Solka-floc cellulose. Variations among laboratories, among occasions and among animals were <1, <2 and <2·5 kJ/g respectively. The among-occasion: among-laboratory variance ratio for DE was 0·5, suggesting the method performed equally well in all laboratories. There was no evidence of learning or fatigue in the performance of the method. D values were also independent of dose and at the high and lower doses were: pectin 0·92 and 0·95, sugar-beet NSP 0·68 and 0·68, soyabean NSP 0·86 and 0·88, maize bran 0·17 and 0·18, cellulose 0·07 and 0·06. Among-laboratory variance tended to increase with decreasing fermentability and ranged from 0·03 to 0·18. The DE and D data were not significantly different from a previously proposed relationship DE = 0·7 × DHc × D, where DHc is the heat of combustion of the supplement. We conclude that while the among-laboratory variation in the D of difficult-to-ferment NSP is too large for the reliable prediction of energy value the method for the direct determination of DE is both reproducible and repeatable, that DE is independent of dosage of DF supplement up to 100 g/kg diet, and that it is safe to discriminate between energy values with a precision of 3 kJ/g. The conversion of both DE and D to net metabolizable energy for the purpose of food labelling, tables and databases is described.

Lateral order/disorder structures have been fabricated out of ordered GaInP quantum wells by ion implantation.

Using high resolution electron beam lithography for definition of implantation masks, we achieve wire structures down to 35nm width. Implantation was carried out at energies down to 25keV and doses from 3e10cm−2 to 6e13cm−2. The so created vacancies lead to a reduction of the disordering temperature threshold of about 850°C for mere thermal disordering. Annealing those structures at 800°C results in selective disordering in the unmasked regions. We have ordered wire structures within disordered barriers. Even for the smallest mask widths of 35nm, the PL emission of wires and barriers are well resolved.

We use the information from low temperature PLE spectra measured on a set of samples with different degree of order for an investigation of the correlation between the order dependent valence band splitting and band gap reduction. The experimental values are compared with predictions from recent ab initio band structure calculations.

Moreover, we show how the low temperature optical properties of ordered GaInP2 are related to the microstructure of the material. We find a close correlation between the size of the ordered domains and the relative intensity of the intrinsic PL-peak from excitonic recombination compared with the rapidly shifting, below band-gap luminescence emission.

Optical polarization in ordered GaInP2 has been studied by low-temperature photoluminescence. By comparing our experimental results to the theoretical predictions, we show that to obtain quantitative information about ordering from the polarization of near-band-gap transitions, the effects of lattice mismatch, substrate misorientation, and excitonic transitions should be taken into account.

The study of Greek pottery of the Archaic period has reached the point at which most groups can be identified on stylistic grounds alone and confidently assigned to their place of manufacture, while in some groups works of individual studios, painters, and potters can be detected. There remain, however, both many problem pieces whose origin is disputed or unknown, and some major classes about which, for example, it is still possible to argue whether they were made in Italy or Greece. This is a field in which the techniques of clay analysis might prove beneficent, and this article presents the provisional results of the first of a series of tests designed to explore this potential.

The Church to which we are permitted to proclaim the Gospel is no longer the Palestinian Church of the time of Jesus, for whom the real goal of life was to pass safely through the judgement of God. Neither is the Church any longer that of the time of Luther, weighed down by its consciousness of sin and the medieval fear of judgement. Today the message of forgiveness of sins answers a question which, to a large extent, has disappeared from the consciousness of modern man. The modern world is, however, similar in many ways to the Hellenistic world into which the Christian message entered with the proclamation of Paul. The unity of heaven and earth, as it had been perceived in the classic period, is destroyed for the Hellenistic man. The world for him is controlled by powers and forces to which he has been handed over helpless. Ananke or Heimarmene (Fate or Destiny) determines everything and the action of the individual is incapable of altering their established course. The ever-repeated movement of the heavenly bodies, once conceived as the expression of divine harmony, awakens now the concept of a giant machine which mercilessly completes its revolution, deaf to the cries of men. Of course, the Stoic seeks to flee back into the old harmony between God and the world and for that reason declares the whole world to be his polis. But even he knows that everything in this polis is determined by the great powers, their mighty armies, and their modern weapons and no longer by his individual decision. Thus the desires and longings of the Hellenistic man are concentrated upon liberation from the demonic powers of this world and upon participation in the upper, godly world.