Researchers increasingly rely on aggregations of radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites as proxies for past human populations. This approach has been critiqued on several grounds, including the assumptions that material is deposited, preserved, and sampled in proportion to past population size. However, various attempts to quantitatively assess the approach suggest there may be some validity in assuming date counts reflect relative population size. To add to this conversation, here we conduct a preliminary analysis coupling estimates of ethnographic population density with late Holocene radiocarbon dates across all counties in California. Results show that counts of late Holocene radiocarbon-dated archaeological sites increase significantly as a function of ethnographic population density. This trend is robust across varying sampling windows over the last 5000 BP. Though the majority of variation in dated-site counts remains unexplained by population density. Outliers reveal how departures from the central trend may be influenced by regional differences in research traditions, development-driven contract work, organic preservation, and landscape taphonomy. Overall, this exercise provides some support for the “dates-as-data” approach and offers insights into the conditions where the underlying assumptions may or may not hold.

Trauma is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and companion animals. Recent efforts in procedural development, training, quality systems, data collection, and research have positively impacted patient outcomes; however, significant unmet need still exists. Coordinated efforts by collaborative, translational, multidisciplinary teams to advance trauma care and improve outcomes have the potential to benefit both human and veterinary patient populations. Strategic use of veterinary clinical trials informed by expertise along the research spectrum (i.e., benchtop discovery, applied science and engineering, large laboratory animal models, clinical veterinary studies, and human randomized trials) can lead to increased therapeutic options for animals while accelerating and enhancing translation by providing early data to reduce the cost and the risk of failed human clinical trials. Active topics of collaboration across the translational continuum include advancements in resuscitation (including austere environments), acute traumatic coagulopathy, trauma-induced coagulopathy, traumatic brain injury, systems biology, and trauma immunology. Mechanisms to improve funding and support innovative team science approaches to current problems in trauma care can accelerate needed, sustainable, and impactful progress in the field. This review article summarizes our current understanding of veterinary and human trauma, thereby identifying knowledge gaps and opportunities for collaborative, translational research to improve multispecies outcomes. This translational trauma group of MDs, PhDs, and DVMs posit that a common understanding of injury patterns and resulting cellular dysregulation in humans and companion animals has the potential to accelerate translation of research findings into clinical solutions.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: In this study, we aim to report the role of porins and blaCTX-M β-lactamases among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, focusing on emerging carbapenem resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) subtypes, including non-carbapenemase producing Enterobacterales (NCPE) and ertapenem-resistant but meropenem-susceptible (ErMs) strains. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Whole genome sequencing was conducted on 76 carbapenem-resistant isolates across 5 hospitals in San Antonio, U.S. Among these, NCP isolates accounted for the majority of CRE (41/76). Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results were collected from the clinical charts. Repeat speciation was determined through whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis and repeat AST, performed with microdilution or ETEST®. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were consistent with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI M100, ED33). WGS and qPCR were used to characterize the resistome of all clinical CRE subtypes, while western blotting and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) were used to determine porin expression and carbapenem hydrolysis, respectively. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: blaCTX-Mwas found to be most prevalent among NCP isolates (p = 0.02). LC-MS/MS analysis of carbapenem hydrolysis revealed that blaCTX-M-mediated carbapenem hydrolysis, indicating the need to reappraise the term, “non-carbapenemase (NCP)®” for quantitatively uncharacterized CRE strains harboring blaCTX-M. Susceptibility results showed that 56% of all NCPE isolates had an ErMs phenotype (NCPE vs. CPE, p < 0.001), with E. coli driving the phenotype (E. coli vs. K. pneumoniae, p < 0.001). ErMs strains carrying blaCTX-M, had 4-fold more copies of blaCTX-M than ceftriaxone-resistant but ertapenem-susceptible isolates (3.7 v. 0.9, p < 0.001). Immunoblot analysis demonstrated the absence of OmpC expression in NCP-ErMs E. coli, with 92% of strains lacking full contig coverage ofompC. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, this work provides evidence of a collaborative effort between blaCTX-M and OmpC in NCP strains that confer resistance to ertapenem but not meropenem. Clinically, CRE subtypes are not readily appreciated, potentially leading to mismanagement of CRE infected patients. A greater focus on optimal treatments for CRE subtypes is needed.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted HIV care, though it prompted preventive measures for respiratory pathogens, particularly among PWH. We therefore quantified trends in respiratory ADE incidence during vs. before the COVID-19 pandemic to assess effects of these measures on non-COVID-19 illnesses. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We included PWH aged ≥18 years in care at the Vanderbilt Comprehensive Care Clinic in Nashville, Tennessee from 2017-2023. Individuals contributed time from the last of March 31, 2017 or clinic enrollment until the first of death, March 31, 2023 (study close), or final clinic visit (if there was no visit ≤12 months before study close). We described respiratory ADE incidences (per 1,000 person-years) in each year of the study; we used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for respiratory ADEs in the three years following vs. before the World Health Organization’s pandemic designation for COVID-19 (March 2020). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among 4,880 persons contributing 19,510 person-years, 69 (1.4%) developed ≥1 respiratory ADE. Median age at cohort entry was 42.6 (interquartile range [IQR]: 32.1, 52.3) years and at first respiratory ADE was 43.6 (IQR: 36.1, 51.2) years. The overall average respiratory ADE incidence in the pre-pandemic period (March 2017-March 2020) was 4.5 (95% CI: 3.3-6.3) per 1,000 person-years and during the post-pandemic period (April 2020-March 2023) was 4.1 (95% CI: 1.8-9.0) per 1,000 person-years. When accounting for repeated outcomes and annual variation, the modeled respiratory ADE incidence was 10% lower (IRR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.6-1.4) during vs. before the COVID-19 pandemic. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Respiratory ADE incidence dropped 10% following the COVID-19 pandemic declaration, though the confidence interval for this change contains the null. It is plausible that nonpharmaceutical COVID-19 mitigation measures drove a brief but impermanent decline, though further research is needed to assess whether diagnostic biases also played a role.

An outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy team from a Veterans Affairs facility managed patients discharged from their own facility and neighboring community hospitals. There were no significant differences in adverse outcomes between the groups, but a majority of regimens were modified from those initially proposed by community providers.

New technologies and disruptions related to Coronavirus disease-2019 have led to expansion of decentralized approaches to clinical trials. Remote tools and methods hold promise for increasing trial efficiency and reducing burdens and barriers by facilitating participation outside of traditional clinical settings and taking studies directly to participants. The Trial Innovation Network, established in 2016 by the National Center for Advancing Clinical and Translational Science to address critical roadblocks in clinical research and accelerate the translational research process, has consulted on over 400 research study proposals to date. Its recommendations for decentralized approaches have included eConsent, participant-informed study design, remote intervention, study task reminders, social media recruitment, and return of results for participants. Some clinical trial elements have worked well when decentralized, while others, including remote recruitment and patient monitoring, need further refinement and assessment to determine their value. Partially decentralized, or “hybrid” trials, offer a first step to optimizing remote methods. Decentralized processes demonstrate potential to improve urban-rural diversity, but their impact on inclusion of racially and ethnically marginalized populations requires further study. To optimize inclusive participation in decentralized clinical trials, efforts must be made to build trust among marginalized communities, and to ensure access to remote technology.

We reexamine the concept of individualism and its political implications. While both political scientists and social psychologists agree that individualism is a core value for many Americans, political science has primarily associated the concept with views about economic mobility. Building upon insights from political theory, we argue that a narrow focus on economics overlooks key elements of individualism and its relation to political life. With the help of five distinct datasets collected between 2018 and 2022 (combined N = 12,169), we develop a new index that emphasizes autonomy from authority, which we label moral individualism. We show how it and other dimensions of individualism explain interactions with the political world, including responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Across multiple indicators, moral individualists were far less likely to engage in collective action or pursue other behaviors meant to assist the community. For example, even after controlling for the effects of ideology and partisanship, moral individualism reduced the probability of wearing a mask during the first year of the pandemic by approximately 30 percentage points.

There is very little known about the post-release survival of hand-reared pipistrelle bats Pipistrellus spp). We radio-tracked 12 pipistrelle bats, hand-reared and released under three different protocols: i) limited pre-release flight training and overwintering (n = 5); ii) prolonged pre-release flight training, but with limited space (n = 2) and iii) prolonged pre-release flight training in large flight cage (n = 5). Of the five bats reared under the first protocol, four were recovered, grounded, within 48 h and the signal from the fifth bat lost on day two, due either to tag failure or from the bat flying out of the study area. Both bats in the second group flew strongly on the night of release but on the second and third nights only one emerged and flew briefly. The signals from both bats remained stationary on subsequent nights. In contrast, bats from the third group were tracked for between five and ten nights, indicating that they were able to survive independently following release. These preliminary results suggest that post-release survival depends on extensive pre-release conditioning in a large flight cage, rather than the limited flight opportunities traditionally provided within domestic houses by bat carers. Other factors that may affect post-release survival are discussed and further work is encouraged to determine whether rehabilitated bats integrate with the local population.

We recently used radio-tracking to demonstrate short-term, post-release survival of five orphaned, hand-reared pipistrelle bats. Here, we present further evidence of short-term, post-release survival and also demonstrate longer term survival using re-sighting data of ringed common (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) and soprano (Pipistrellus pygmaeus) pipistrelle bats. Ten bats (five common and five soprano pipistrelles) were radio-tracked for between one and ten days. Three of these were retrieved after one, two and four days, respectively. In addition, five of the 39 (13%) ringed bats returned to their release boxes between 38 and 1,389 days after release, at least two of which survived over the winter in the wild. A sixth ringed bat was retrieved 27 days after release after becoming trapped in a house. We also identified potential barriers to successful rehabilitation. Two of the ten bats radio-tracked in the current project became trapped within buildings and another bat had to be retrieved following entanglement with debris. We therefore recommend that attention be paid to giving bats the opportunity, prior to release, in identifying and using small exit holes similar to those found in buildings and loft spaces. We also recommend allowing bats to self-release following prolonged pre-release flight training in a large flight cage situated in suitable bat habitat.

This study examined parental depression and parental reflective functioning (PRF) as predictors of parental proficiency in relational savoring (RS), the association between RS proficiency and a marker of children’s physiological self-regulation, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), during a stressor, and indirect effects of parental depression and PRF on children’s RSA via parents’ RS. At Time 1 (T1), parents of 8- to 12-year-old children (N = 139) reported on their depressive symptoms and completed a parenting interview, coded for PRF. After 1.5 years (Time 2; T2), parents savored a positive relational memory that involved their children, which was coded for savoring proficiency. Children’s RSA was measured during a stressful task (a series of impossible puzzles). Depressive symptoms (inversely) and PRF (positively) were associated with RS proficiency. Higher parental RS proficiency was associated with children’s higher mean levels of RSA during the stressor. Indirect effects models supported that T2 RS proficiency mediated the negative association between parental T1 depressive symptoms and children’s T2 RSA, and between T1 PRF and children’s T2 RSA. We discuss these findings in terms of implications for parents’ emotion regulation, children’s emotion regulation, children’s mental health, and intervention.