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Crusading and Pilgrimage in the Norman World
  • With contributions by Andrew Abram , William M. Aird , Emily Albu , Joanna Drell , Leonie V. Hicks , Natasha R. Hodgson , Alan Murray , David S Spear and Lucas Villegas-Aristizábal
  • Edited by Kathryn Hurlock, Paul Oldfield
  • Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    25 May 2021
    Print publication:
    16 July 2015
  • The reputation of the Normans is rooted in warfare, faith and mobility. They were simultaneously famed as warriors, noted for their religious devotion, and celebrated as fearless travellers. In the Middle Ages few activities offered a better conduit to combine warfare, religiosity, and movement than crusading and pilgrimage. However, while scholarship is abundant on many facets of the Norman world, it is a surprise that the Norman relationship with crusading and pilgrimage, so central in many ways to Norman identity, has hitherto not received extensive treatment.
    The collection here seeks to fill this gap. It aims to identify what was unique or different about the Normans and their relationship with crusading and pilgrimage, as well as how and why crusade and pilgrimage were important to the Normans. Particular focus is given to Norman participation in the First Crusade, to Norman interaction in later crusading initiatives, to the significance of pilgrimage in diverse parts of the Norman world, and finally to the ways in which crusading and pilgrimage were recorded in Norman narrative. Ultimately, this volume aims to assess, in some cases to confirm, and in others to revise the established paradigm of the Normans as crusaders par excellence and as opportunists who used religion to serve other agendas.

    Dr Kathryn Hurlock is Senior Lecturer in Medieval History at Manchester Metropolitan University; Dr Paul Oldfield is Lecturer in Medieval History at the University of Manchester.

    Contributors: Andrew Abram, William M. Aird, Emily Albu, Joanna Drell, Leonie Hicks, Natasha Hodgson, Kathryn Hurlock, Alan V. Murray, Paul Oldfield, David S. Spear, Lucas Villegas-Aristizábal.

  • 5 - The Secular Clergy of Normandy and the Crusades

  • With contributions by Andrew Abram , William M. Aird , Emily Albu , Joanna Drell , Leonie V. Hicks , Natasha R. Hodgson , Alan Murray , David S Spear and Lucas Villegas-Aristizábal
  • Edited by Kathryn Hurlock, Senior Lecturer in Medieval History, Manchester Metropolitan University, Paul Oldfield, Lecturer in Medieval History, University of Manchester
  • Book:
    Crusading and Pilgrimage in the Norman World
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    25 May 2021
    Print publication:
    16 July 2015, pp 81-102

  • Summary

    The goal of this chapter is to add to current crusading scholarship focusing on regional studies. Work has appeared previously on the Normans and the crusades. In fact, the story of the central role of the Normans and the crusades extends back at least a century to that great researcher and populariser Charles Homer Haskins, and continues right up to the present with the recent study of John France on precisely this topic. However, far fewer studies have dealt with Normandy itself (as opposed to Anglo-Normans and Italo-Normans), and no one, to my knowledge, has examined exclusively the role played by the Norman clergy. Thus one of the angles here is to further evaluate France's assertion that ‘Normandy ceased to have any distinctive crusading role after the First Crusade’. Such a discussion leads necessarily to the issue of Norman identity that I hope also to touch upon.

    A few words of definition. I have used the inelegant term ‘the clergy of Normandy’ to avoid the ambiguity inherent in the phrase ‘the Norman clergy’, which could (and often does) mean ‘the Anglo-Norman clergy’, and, too, to indicate that the focus is on the secular – in this case cathedral – clergy, as opposed to the regular – monastic – clergy. In general, monks were discouraged from going on armed crusades, and examining what transpired at Norman monasteries, as the religious prayed about the Holy Land, would take this essay in a very different direction. Further, I intend to concentrate on the duchy of Normandy, which for ecclesiastical purposes corresponds very closely to the borders of the archdiocese of Rouen. Even so, it has proven difficult to avoid bleeding into neighboring regions such as England, the Perche or the Ile-de-France.

    Norman clergy were present at the very inception of the First Crusade, for Bishops Odo of Bayeux, Gilbert of Evreux, and Serlo of Sées attended the Council of Clermont in 1095. As regards the First Crusade (1096–99) itself, the main Norman protagonist is, of course, Duke Robert Curthose, who made many contributions to its success. He seldom alienated his fellow crusaders; he fought at the Battle of Dorylaeum; he participated at the siege of Antioch; he helped to storm Jerusalem; and he won at the Battle of Ascalon.

  • Psychiatric symptoms, personality and ways of coping in chronic fatigue syndrome

  • Antony A. Blakely, Rick C. Howard, Rowena M. Sosich, J. Campbell Murdoch, David B. Menkes, George F. S. Spears
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 21 / Issue 2 / May 1991
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    09 July 2009, pp. 347-362

  • This study aimed to investigate the psychological characteristics of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS: Holmes et al. 1988). A battery of psychometric instruments comprising the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Lazarus Ways of Coping (WoC) inventory, was administered to a sample of clinically-defined CFS sufferers (N = 58), to a comparison group of chronic pain (CP) patients (N = 81) and to a group of healthy controls matched for sex and age with the CFS sample (N = 104). Considerable overlap was found between CFS and CP patients at the level of both physical and psychological symptoms. This raises the possibility that CFS sufferers are a sub-population of CP patients. However, while there was some commonality between CFS and CP patients in terms of personality traits, particularly the MMPI ‘neurotic triad’ (hypochondriasis, depression and hysteria), CFS patients showed more deviant personality traits reflecting raised levels on the first MMPI factor, emotionality. Moreover, results were not consistent with the raised emotionality being a reaction to the illness, but rather were consistent with the hypothesis that emotionality is a predisposing factor for CFS. The majority of CFS patients fell within four personality types, each characterized by the two highest MMPI scale scores. One type (N = 20) reported a lack of psychological symptoms or emotional disturbance contrary to the overall trend for the CFS sample. This group conformed to the ICD-10 classification of neurasthenia.

  • Residual stress and microstructure of as-deposited and annealed, sputtered yttria-stabilized zirconia thin films

  • David J. Quinn, Brian Wardle, S. Mark Spearing
  • Journal:
    Journal of Materials Research / Volume 23 / Issue 3 / March 2008
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    31 January 2011, pp. 609-618
    Print publication:
    March 2008

  • The microstructure and residual stress of sputter-deposited yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films are presented as a function of thickness (5–1000 nm), deposition pressure (5–100 mTorr), and post-deposition temperature. The as-deposited residual stress of YSZ ranges from −1.4 GPa to 100 MPa with variations in sputtering conditions. Transitions from compressive to tensile stress are identified with variations in working pressure and film thickness. The origins and variations in as-deposited stress are determined to be from tensile stress due to grain coalescence/growth, and compressive stresses are due to forward sputtering/“atomic peening” of target atoms. The evolution of residual stress with post-deposition annealing shows a tensile stress hysteresis of up to 1 GPa for films deposited at low working pressures. This hysteresis is believed to be due to crystallization and the diffusive relief of compressive stresses initially generated by atomic peening during deposition. Discussion and evaluation of other common residual stress mechanisms are presented throughout.

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