The One Health High-Level Expert Panel’s definition of One Health includes optimizing the health of people, animals (wild and domestic) and ecosystems. For many One Health practitioners, wildlife that can spread zoonoses are the focus, particularly if they can come in contact with people. However, ecosystem health is often best-indicated by less-encountered species, for instance, amphibians and reptiles. This review highlights how these taxa can benefit human health and well-being, including cultural significance, as well as their impact on plant, animal and environmental health. We highlight current challenges to the health of these species and the need to include them in the One Health Joint Action Plan. We conclude with a call to action for inclusion of amphibians and reptiles in a One Health approach.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: 22q.11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genomic syndrome that elevates risk for psychosis >20-fold. We used a battery of cognitive and psychophysiological psychosis-risk biomarkers in 22q11DS patients and healthy subjects in order to identify biomarkers of psychosis in 22q11DS that could be used as translational targets in intervention studies. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We recruited 15 22q11DS individuals (Mean age=30, M/F=9/6) and 19 healthy controls (HCs; Mean age=34, M/F=5/14). Each individual completed the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second edition (WASI-II) Verbal IQ subtests, and the computerized Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). To examine auditory EEG responses, each participant completed the 'Double-Deviant' target detection paradigm, which presents a pseudorandom sequence of frequent standard tones and infrequent deviant tones. Mismatch negativity (MMN) metrics were generated from this assessment. Welch's t-tests were completed for neurocognitive variables. One-Way ANOVAs were completed to examine EEG results, with sex entered as a separate factor and age entered as a covariate. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Significant group differences were found in 8 of the 9 neurocognitive measurements (FDR-adjusted p's< 0.02, average Cohen's d=1.62, average observed power= 0.91) indicating widespread cognitive deficits in 22q11DS subjects across multiple domains. The Double-Deviant MMN ERP response was significantly smaller in absolute magnitude in the 22q11DS group (FDR-adjusted p=0.048, Cohen’s d= -0.864, observed power= 0.58). The MMN ERPs for the frequency and duration deviants were not significantly different (FDR-adjusted p's> 0.33). No group by sex interactions were observed in any of the measures. Neurocognitive variables were associated with psychosis positive, negative, general, and disorganized symptom scales. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results identify potential psychosis-risk biomarkers in 22q11DS. If replicated, these biomarkers could provide important translational targets for future clinical trials for individuals with 22q11DS and other individuals at-risk for psychosis syndromes.

The development of wearable technology, which enables motion tracking analysis for human movement outside the laboratory, can improve awareness of personal health and performance. This study used a wearable smart sock prototype to track foot–ankle kinematics during gait movement. Multivariable linear regression and two deep learning models, including long short-term memory (LSTM) and convolutional neural networks, were trained to estimate the joint angles in sagittal and frontal planes measured by an optical motion capture system. Participant-specific models were established for ten healthy subjects walking on a treadmill. The prototype was tested at various walking speeds to assess its ability to track movements for multiple speeds and generalize models for estimating joint angles in sagittal and frontal planes. LSTM outperformed other models with lower mean absolute error (MAE), lower root mean squared error, and higher R-squared values. The average MAE score was less than 1.138° and 0.939° in sagittal and frontal planes, respectively, when training models for each speed and 2.15° and 1.14° when trained and evaluated for all speeds. These results indicate wearable smart socks to generalize foot–ankle kinematics over various walking speeds with relatively low error and could consequently be used to measure gait parameters without the need for a lab-constricted motion capture system.

Seabirds are highly threatened, including by fisheries bycatch. Accurate understanding of offshore distribution of seabirds is crucial to address this threat. Tracking technologies revolutionised insights into seabird distributions but tracking data may contain a variety of biases. We tracked two threatened seabirds (Salvin’s Albatross Thalassarche salvini n = 60 and Black Petrel Procellaria parkinsoni n = 46) from their breeding colonies in Aotearoa (New Zealand) to their non-breeding grounds in South America, including Peru, while simultaneously completing seven surveys in Peruvian waters. We then used species distribution models to predict occurrence and distribution using either data source alone, and both data sources combined. Results showed seasonal differences between estimates of occurrence and distribution when using data sources independently. Combining data resulted in more balanced insights into occurrence and distributions, and reduced uncertainty. Most notably, both species were predicted to occur in Peruvian waters during all four annual quarters: the northern Humboldt upwelling system for Salvin’s Albatross and northern continental shelf waters for Black Petrels. Our results highlighted that relying on a single data source may introduce biases into distribution estimates. Our tracking data might have contained ontological and/or colony-related biases (e.g. only breeding adults from one colony were tracked), while our survey data might have contained spatiotemporal biases (e.g. surveys were limited to waters <200 nm from the coast). We recommend combining data sources wherever possible to refine predictions of species distributions, which ultimately will improve fisheries bycatch management through better spatiotemporal understanding of risks.

This article is a clinical guide which discusses the “state-of-the-art” usage of the classic monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressants (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, and isocarboxazid) in modern psychiatric practice. The guide is for all clinicians, including those who may not be experienced MAOI prescribers. It discusses indications, drug-drug interactions, side-effect management, and the safety of various augmentation strategies. There is a clear and broad consensus (more than 70 international expert endorsers), based on 6 decades of experience, for the recommendations herein exposited. They are based on empirical evidence and expert opinion—this guide is presented as a new specialist-consensus standard. The guide provides practical clinical advice, and is the basis for the rational use of these drugs, particularly because it improves and updates knowledge, and corrects the various misconceptions that have hitherto been prominent in the literature, partly due to insufficient knowledge of pharmacology. The guide suggests that MAOIs should always be considered in cases of treatment-resistant depression (including those melancholic in nature), and prior to electroconvulsive therapy—while taking into account of patient preference. In selected cases, they may be considered earlier in the treatment algorithm than has previously been customary, and should not be regarded as drugs of last resort; they may prove decisively effective when many other treatments have failed. The guide clarifies key points on the concomitant use of incorrectly proscribed drugs such as methylphenidate and some tricyclic antidepressants. It also illustrates the straightforward “bridging” methods that may be used to transition simply and safely from other antidepressants to MAOIs.

The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by T. H. Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories, USA. Many laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials, operating at different wavelengths. In the UK, academia, industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of applications. This historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology, the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Working alongside news staff as community partners is feasible for community engagement to co-create a post-hurricane health assessment and connect it to our academic health center’s disaster response capacity. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Successful academic-community partnership in post-disaster response depends on shared understanding of impact. Community newspapers could provide valuable insight into health needs and inform strategic recovery plans. Our objective was to determine methodological feasibility of using newspaper stories to identify post-disaster needs. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Community-Based Participatory Research principles were applied to engage newspaper staff and conduct qualitative analysis of stories published in the weekly Port Aransas South Jetty newspaper, serving this small rural coastal community. Using directed content analysis, the team derived and validated constructs from Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Phases of Disaster models to create a codebook. Scientists and newspaper staff examined the codebook for congruency regarding interpretation and themes. With copyright permission to access online newspaper files, NVivo software was used to search for Hurricane Harvey-related terms (e.g., ‘Harvey, tropical storm, flood, damage, volunteer’). Stories from 3 days post-Harvey to 6 months post-Harvey were examined and again at anniversary date. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The weekly South Jetty newspaper was published continuously from August 31, 2017, through the date our study ended, February 22, 2018. Analysis showed themes of the storm and community response to disaster at multiple levels. Harvey caused catastrophic flooding, destruction, on par with 2005 Hurricane Katrina as the costliest storm on record. In Port Aransas, 130 mph winds and a 12-foot storm surge damaged 90% of the buildings. Stories reflected Phases of Response: Pre-disaster, Impact, Heroic, Honeymoon, Disillusionment, and initial phases of Reconstruction and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Story: ‘It’s not just the physical part of Port Aransas that was hurt by the hurricane. Harvey also wounded the town’s collective psyche. We’ve wept for our losses, then counted our blessings, then wept for our losses again.’ DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Newspapers were a rich source of post-disaster data. Text and pictures were poignant. Thematic analysis identified stages of recovery. Working alongside news staff as community partners is feasible for community engagement to co-create a post-hurricane health assessment and connect it to our academic health center’s disaster response capacity.

The direct carbonate procedure for accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dating of submilligram samples of biogenic carbonate without graphitization is becoming widely used in a variety of studies. We compare the results of 153 paired direct carbonate and standard graphite 14C determinations on single specimens of an assortment of biogenic carbonates. A reduced major axis regression shows a strong relationship between direct carbonate and graphite percent Modern Carbon (pMC) values (m = 0.996; 95% CI [0.991–1.001]). An analysis of differences and a 95% confidence interval on pMC values reveals that there is no significant difference between direct carbonate and graphite pMC values for 76% of analyzed specimens, although variation in direct carbonate pMC is underestimated. The difference between the two methods is typically within 2 pMC, with 61% of direct carbonate pMC measurements being higher than their paired graphite counterpart. Of the 36 specimens that did yield significant differences, all but three missed the 95% significance threshold by 1.2 pMC or less. These results show that direct carbonate 14C dating of biogenic carbonates is a cost-effective and efficient complement to standard graphite 14C dating.

Background: Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) are the primary form of hand hygiene in healthcare settings globally. Many developed countries, and most US hospitals utilize wall-mounted ABHR dispensers throughout the facility. The adoption of automated touch-free dispensers is increasing. However, data on the efficacy of ABHRs when used at dispensed amounts are limited. The evidence is strong, showing that formulation matters (not just alcohol concentration) and that agent volume impacts efficacy. Objective: We evaluated the efficacy of ABHR foams on human hands using 2 controlled test methods at variable volumes (ie, typical doses and realistic volumes that healthcare personnel could use in patient care practice). Methods: We tested 8 commercially available ABHR products, the WHO hand-rub formulation, (P1–P9) and a nonantibacterial foam handwash control (P10) on human participants at 2 different application frequencies (“1 application” and “10 applications”) using 2 different ASTM test methods (E1174 and E2755). Studies using ASTM-E1174 evaluated 3 different application volumes (0.7 mL, 1.1 mL, and 2.0 mL) of the 10 products, each tested on 12–13 subjects. Studies using ASTM-E2755 evaluated a single 1.1 mL volume for the 9 ABHR products (P1–P9), each on 2–12 subjects. A linear mixed-effects model was fit separately to log reductions with random effects for subject and date, and a fixed effect for product. Results: Four different foam formulations (P1–P4) consistently outperformed all other formulations by the E1174 method, especially with increasing volumes and after 10 product applications (Fig. 1). When tested with E2755, all formulations performed similarly, with only P1 and P2 differentiating after 10 applications (Fig. 2). ABHR efficacy consistently increased with larger application volumes, whereas the handwash control (P10) achieved a similar efficacy (∼2 log reduction) at all volumes. Efficacy for some ABHR formulations increased, whereas others decreased with repeated applications. Alcohol concentration did not correlate with log reduction. Conclusions: Formulation and the product application volume affect the antimicrobial efficacy of ABHR; therefore, those data should be critically assessed by healthcare personnel assessing ABHR product performance. Test methods matter: when E1174 was used, greater differentiation between formulations was observed. This may be due to the larger contamination volume and greater soil load used in E1174.

Funding: GOJO Industries, Inc., provided Funding: for this study.

Disclosures: James W. Arbogast and David R. Macinga report salary from GOJO Industries.

Comparing parasitic infection among individuals of wildlife populations can provide insight into factors that influence wildlife disease ecology. Strongylids are parasitic worms that infect the intestinal tract of vertebrates, and infection with strongylids can be approximated by counting strongylid eggs in dung samples. Here we tested for correlations between strongylid egg counts and 18 different individual characteristics, environmental and social factors in individually known wild African elephants. We counted more eggs in the dung samples of younger elephants and females relative to mature elephants and males. We also found that elephants spending more time outside reserves shed more strongylid eggs than elephants that were more often within reserves. Elephants that were less socially integrated, as measured by how much aggression they received from other elephants, shed fewer strongylid eggs; relatedly, socially isolated orphan elephants that had left their family shed fewer strongylid eggs than elephants that remained with their family. Our results suggest that landscapes altered by livestock grazing and social disruption caused by humans may impact parasitic infection in wildlife.

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) has been shown to exhibit semiconducting and piezoelectric dual properties. This has led to a large commercial demand on ZnO for optoelectronics that operate at the blue-ultraviolet regions. Consequently, varying techniques have been devised to create different nanostructures of ZnO. Here, the single step synthesis of ZnO nanostructures was performed on Si(100) substrates with a thin ZnO seed-layer. A modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method was developed to accomplish the structure formation. Sb doping of the structures in the gas phase was performed to study its effects on structure and optoelectronic properties. Different structures were realized including nanofilaments, nanoparticles, microflowers, nanorods, nanotubes, and nanocolumns. Only nanorods/columns, and nanotubes are shown in this work. Morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were used for structural studies. Optoelectronic properties were explored using room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. PL data show the relative decrease in the number of defects and increase in crystal quality upon increasing reaction time. Significant structural effects were also observed upon doping. Some structural defects might be attributed to the diffusion of Sb ions into the lattices of ZnO, replacement of Zn by Sb, and ionic radii difference. These stacking faults are most likely the reason behind the dominance and broadening of DLE peak.

We compared systematic and random survey techniques to estimate breeding population sizes of burrow-nesting petrel species on Marion Island. White-chinned (Procellaria aequinoctialis) and blue (Halobaena caerulea) petrel population sizes were estimated in systematic surveys (which attempt to count every colony) in 2009 and 2012, respectively. In 2015, we counted burrows of white-chinned, blue and great-winged (Pterodroma macroptera) petrels within 52 randomized strip transects (25 m wide, total 144 km). Burrow densities were extrapolated by Geographic Information System-derived habitat attributes (geology, vegetation, slope, elevation, aspect) to generate island-wide burrow estimates. Great-winged petrel burrows were found singly or in small groups at low densities (2 burrows ha−1); white-chinned petrel burrows were in loose clusters at moderate densities (3 burrows ha−1); and blue petrel burrows were in tight clusters at high densities (13 burrows ha−1). The random survey estimated 58% more white-chinned petrels but 42% fewer blue petrels than the systematic surveys. The results suggest that random transects are best suited for species that are widely distributed at low densities, but become increasingly poor for estimating population sizes of species with clustered distributions. Repeated fixed transects provide a robust way to monitor changes in colony density and area, but might fail to detect the formation/disappearance of new colonies.