The Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS) is the first large-area survey to be conducted with the full 36-antenna Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope. RACS will provide a shallow model of the ASKAP sky that will aid the calibration of future deep ASKAP surveys. RACS will cover the whole sky visible from the ASKAP site in Western Australia and will cover the full ASKAP band of 700–1800 MHz. The RACS images are generally deeper than the existing NRAO VLA Sky Survey and Sydney University Molonglo Sky Survey radio surveys and have better spatial resolution. All RACS survey products will be public, including radio images (with $\sim$ 15 arcsec resolution) and catalogues of about three million source components with spectral index and polarisation information. In this paper, we present a description of the RACS survey and the first data release of 903 images covering the sky south of declination $+41^\circ$ made over a 288-MHz band centred at 887.5 MHz.

A 16-year-old male was admitted to the paediatric ICU with acute onset of vomiting, somnolence, and chest pain, and electrocardiogram showing 2nd degree heart block after ingesting an Aleurites moluccana (Candlenut) seed as a herbal weight loss supplement. Electrocardiogram showed progressively worsening heart block with down-sloping of the ST segments, resembling digoxin toxicity. After 2 days of ICU observation, his symptoms began to improve and eventually resolved. The side effects of herbal supplements are often unknown but by analysing cases such as these, physicians can develop a better understanding of these substances to help guide management.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of this study was to determine if dopamine signaling is altered in a mouse model displaying excessive self-grooming and further elucidate the potential utility of compounds targeting the striatal DA system in modulating repetitive behaviors. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Here, we report studies using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in mice lacking the postsynaptic protein SAP90/PSD95-associated protein (SAPAP3 KO mice) as well as control littermates. Rodent self-grooming provides a behavioral output with which one can monitor repetitive, self-directed, patterned behavior that has great translational value to OCD-like disorders. Total time spent grooming was monitored in SAPAP3KO mice and control littermates. To further examine the role of DA in regulating repetitive grooming behaviors the magnitude and kinetics of DA transients were assessed using FSCV in ex vivo slice preparations as well as in anesthetized mice in vivo. DA transients were elicited in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), dorsomedial striatum (DMS); and nucelus accumbens core (NAcc). In some experiments mice were crossed with DAT-Cre animals and channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) was virally expressed in DA neurons to allow optical stimulation of DA transients. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: As previously reported, SAPAP3 KO mice showed excessive grooming compared to control littermates at the age assessed (4-5 months). DA transients evoked by a single electrical pulse in slices from SAPAP3 KO mice were not significantly different from those observed in slices from control littermates in any of the regions tested including the DLS, DMS and NAcc. However, when four electrical pulses were applied at a frequency of 10Hz to mimic DA neuron bursting, the magnitude of DA transients observed in the DMS and NAcc of SAPAP3 mice were greater than those evoked in control littermates.Interestingly, phasic stimulation produced similar DA transients in the DLS of both genotypes suggesting that phasic DA signaling was not globally altered. To confirm this finding we crossed SAPAP3 KO mice with DAT-Cre mice and injected ChR2 containing virus into the midbrain to selectively express ChR2 in DA neurons. Transients were then optically evoked resulting in selective activation of DA neurons. Optical stimulation produced a pronounced enhancement of DA release in SAPAP3 KO mice specifically in the DMS and only following phasic-like stimulation. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These exciting findings suggest that DA signaling in SAPAP3KO mice is dysregulated in a very precise manner that is sub-region specific as well as dependent on the pattern of stimulation. These results suggest that targeted therapies that can modulate these specific modes of dopaminergic signaling in these distinct striatal subregions could provide improved efficacy in OCD patients that are resistant to SSRI treatment.

Medical care in the United States traditionally has focused on the treatment of disease rather than on its prevention. Heart disease, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic diseases are the primary drivers of American health care costs; compared to other high-income countries, U.S. health indices are lowest and costs are highest.

A “triple aim” — “improving the individual experience of care, improving the health of populations, and reducing the per capita costs of care for populations” — has gained traction, as the social determinants of health (non-genetic, non-clinical factors including health behaviors, social and economic factors, and the physical environment) are recognized as having significant effects on health outcomes.

Enclosed-space smoke inhalation is the fifth most common cause of all unintentional injury deaths in the United States. Increasingly, cyanide has been recognized as a significant toxicant in many cases of smoke inhalation. However, it cannot be emergently verified. Failure to recognize the possibility of cyanide toxicity may result in inadequate treatment. Findings suggestive cyanide toxicity include: (1) a history of an enclosed-space fire scene in which smoke inhalation was likely; (2) the presence of oropharyngeal soot or carbonaceous expectorations; (3) any alteration of the level of consciousness, and particularly, otherwise inexplicable hypotension (systolic blood pressure ≤90 mmHg in adults). Prehospital studies have demonstrated the feasibility and safety of empiric treatment with hydroxocobalamin for patients with suspected smoke inhalation cyanide toxicity. Although United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved since 2006, the lack of efficacy data has stymied the routine use of this potentially lifesaving antidote. Based on a literature review and on-site observation of the Paris Fire Brigade, emergency management protocols to guide empiric and early hydroxocobalamin administration in smoke inhalation victims with high-risk presentations are proposed.

This is one of four interrelated action agenda papers resulting from the National Summit on Public Health Legal Preparedness convened in June 2007 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and nineteen multi-disciplinary partner organizations. Each of the action agenda papers deals with one of the four core elements of public health legal preparedness: laws and legal authorities; competency in using those laws; coordination of law-based public health actions; and information. Options presented in this paper are for consideration by policymakers and practitioners — in all jurisdictions and all relevant sectors and disciplines — with responsibilities for all-hazards emergency preparedness.

This paper focuses on the fourth core element: information that can be used in shaping and applying law as a public health tool, specifically in the context of public health emergencies.

Information is the fourth core element of public health legal preparedness and of legal preparedness for public health emergencies specifically. Clearly, the creation, transmittal, and application of information are vital to all public health endeavors. The critical significance of information grows exponentially as the complexity and scale of public threats increase.

Only a small body of organized information on public health law existed before the 21st century: a series of landmark books published beginning in 1926 by Tobey, Grad (1965), and Wing (1974); model public health laws published as early as 1907; systematic reviews of original research studies published in the 1990s; and a small but growing number of articles published in public health journals and law reviews.

With the new century came new public health law programs and activities at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in public health professional associations, and in numerous non-profit and academic organizations.

ABSTRACT

Background: Though indications of a dose–response for glatiramer acetate (GA) were apparent during early drug development and clinical testing, no formal dose-comparisons of GA had been conducted before the present study. Design/Methods: This multicenter, randomized, double-blind study compared the safety and efficacy of two GA doses: 20 mg/day, the currently approved dose, versus 40 mg/day. Relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients with active disease (1–15 gadolinium-enhancing (GdE) lesions on screening magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ≥1 relapse in the previous year) were eligible. The primary outcome was change from baseline in total number of GdE lesions at 7, 8, and 9 months. Other outcomes included effects on relapse, changes in expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores, and responder analyses. Results: Benefits of the 40 mg GA dose versus the 20 mg dose on GdE lesions were evident by month 3. Additionally, significant advantages of the 40 mg dose were observed for time to first relapse and proportion of relapse-free patients. There was a trend for better outcomes with 40 mg/day GA for the primary efficacy measure, but the difference between doses was not statistically significant. Both GA doses were safe and similarly well tolerated. Interpretation: A 40 mg/day GA dosage may be more effective than the 20 mg/day recommended dosage for reducing disease activity, and appears to have an earlier onset of action. A large, phase III study is underway to confirm these findings.

Three-dimensional (3D) microstructures of single walled carbon nanotube (C-SWNT)/polymer nanocomposite are fabricated by the infiltration of 3D microfluidic networks. The microfluidic network was first fabricated by direct-write assembly which consists of the robotised deposition of fugitive ink filaments on an epoxy substrate to form a 3D microstructured network. After encapsulation of the deposited structure with an epoxy resin, the fugitive ink was removed by heating, resulting in a 3D network of microchannels. This microfluidic network is then infiltrated by a ultraviolet (UV) -curable polymer loaded with C-SWNTs. The C-SWNTs were produced by the UV-laser ablation method, physico-chemically purified and dispersed in a polymer matrix using ultrasonic treatment in dichloromethane. The C-SWNTs were characterized by means of high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and microRaman spectroscopy. The infiltrated nanocomposite (i.e., the C-SWNT reinforced polymer) is then cured under UV exposure and post-cured. The manufactured 3D microstructures were rectangular sandwich beams having an epoxy core and unidirectional nanocomposite fibers placed parallel to the beam axis, on both sides of the core. Flexural mechanical tests were performed on empty, pure resin and nanocomposite microfluidic beams using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. The achieved nanocomposite beams were found to show an increase of 5% in the storage modulus and more than 50% increase in the loss modulus, under 30°C compared to the pure resin beams. The nanocomposite infiltration of microfluidic networks is shown to be a promising approach to achieve 3D microstructures of reinforced nanocomposites.