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54 results

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  • Incidence of ischaemic heart disease and stroke among people with psychiatric disorders: retrospective cohort study
  • Caroline A. Jackson, Joannes Kerssens, Kelly Fleetwood, Daniel J. Smith, Stewart W. Mercer, Sarah H. Wild
  • Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry , FirstView
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 November 2019, pp. 1-8
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  • View abstract
    Background

    Psychiatric disorders are associated with increased risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, but it is not known whether the associations or the role of sociodemographic factors have changed over time.

    Aims

    To investigate the association between psychiatric disorders and IHD and stroke, by time period and sociodemographic factors.

    Method

    We used Scottish population-based records from 1991 to 2015 to create retrospective cohorts with a hospital record for psychiatric disorders of interest (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or depression) or no record of hospital admission for mental illness. We estimated incidence and relative risks of IHD and stroke in people with versus without psychiatric disorders by calendar year, age, gender and area-based deprivation level.

    Results

    In all cohorts, incidence of IHD (645 393 events) and stroke (276 073 events) decreased over time, but relative risks decreased for depression only. In 2015, at the mean age at event onset, relative risks were 2- to 2.5-fold higher in people with versus without a psychiatric disorder. Age at incidence of outcome differed by cohort, gender and socioeconomic status. Relative but not absolute risks were generally higher in women than men. Increasing deprivation conveys a greater absolute risk of IHD for people with bipolar disorder or depression.

    Conclusions

    Despite declines in absolute rates of IHD and stroke, relative risks remain high in those with versus without psychiatric disorders. Cardiovascular disease monitoring and prevention approaches may need to be tailored by psychiatric disorder and cardiovascular outcome, and be targeted, for example, by age and deprivation level.

  • Swimming freely near the ground leads to flow-mediated equilibrium altitudes
  • Melike Kurt, Jackson Cochran-Carney, Qiang Zhong, Amin Mivehchi, Daniel B. Quinn, Keith W. Moored
  • Journal: Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 875 / 25 September 2019
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 July 2019, R1
  • Print publication: 25 September 2019
  • View abstract

    Experiments and computations are presented for a foil pitching about its leading edge near a planar, solid boundary. The foil is examined when it is constrained in space and when it is unconstrained or freely swimming in the cross-stream direction. It was found that the foil has stable equilibrium altitudes: the time-averaged lift is zero at certain altitudes and acts to return the foil to these equilibria. These stable equilibrium altitudes exist for both constrained and freely swimming foils and are independent of the initial conditions of the foil. In all cases, the equilibrium altitudes move farther from the ground when the Strouhal number is increased or the reduced frequency is decreased. Potential flow simulations predict the equilibrium altitudes to within 3 %–11 %, indicating that the equilibrium altitudes are primarily due to inviscid mechanisms. In fact, it is determined that stable equilibrium altitudes arise from an interplay among three time-averaged forces: a negative jet deflection circulatory force, a positive quasistatic circulatory force and a negative added mass force. At equilibrium, the foil exhibits a deflected wake and experiences a thrust enhancement of 4 %–17 % with no penalty in efficiency as compared to a pitching foil far from the ground. These newfound lateral stability characteristics suggest that unsteady ground effect may play a role in the control strategies of near-boundary fish and fish-inspired robots.

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