Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA), the cryogenic infrared space telescope recently pre-selected for a ‘Phase A’ concept study as one of the three remaining candidates for European Space Agency (ESA's) fifth medium class (M5) mission, is foreseen to include a far-infrared polarimetric imager [SPICA-POL, now called B-fields with BOlometers and Polarizers (B-BOP)], which would offer a unique opportunity to resolve major issues in our understanding of the nearby, cold magnetised Universe. This paper presents an overview of the main science drivers for B-BOP, including high dynamic range polarimetric imaging of the cold interstellar medium (ISM) in both our Milky Way and nearby galaxies. Thanks to a cooled telescope, B-BOP will deliver wide-field 100–350 $\mu$ m images of linearly polarised dust emission in Stokes Q and U with a resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and both intensity and spatial dynamic ranges comparable to those achieved by Herschel images of the cold ISM in total intensity (Stokes I). The B-BOP 200 $\mu$ m images will also have a factor $\sim $ 30 higher resolution than Planck polarisation data. This will make B-BOP a unique tool for characterising the statistical properties of the magnetised ISM and probing the role of magnetic fields in the formation and evolution of the interstellar web of dusty molecular filaments giving birth to most stars in our Galaxy. B-BOP will also be a powerful instrument for studying the magnetism of nearby galaxies and testing Galactic dynamo models, constraining the physics of dust grain alignment, informing the problem of the interaction of cosmic rays with molecular clouds, tracing magnetic fields in the inner layers of protoplanetary disks, and monitoring accretion bursts in embedded protostars.

Formally established in the fall of 1947, the Laboratory of Archaeology at the University of Georgia is an archaeological research and collection repository. It is considered one of the premier institutions for curation of archaeological collections from the American Southeast. For over 70 years, the Laboratory has served as a repository for objects and associated records generated from archaeological projects and research undertaken by faculty, students, CRM professionals, and state and federal agencies. The Laboratory curates over 20,000 cubic feet of artifacts as well as paper and digital archives. In addition, the Laboratory houses the Georgia Archaeological Site File and manages data from more than 59,000 archaeological sites, including over 11,500 archaeological reports. In this paper, we explore implementation procedures for bringing legacy collections up to modern curation standards. We also outline how we migrate the data on paper records into the digital realm, articulating them within a comprehensive framework.

In coastal and island archaeology, carbonate mollusk shells are often among the most abundant materials available for radiocarbon (14C) dating. The marsh periwinkle (Littorina irrorata) is one of these such species, ubiquitously found along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States in both modern and archaeological contexts. This paper presents a novel approach to dating estuarine mollusks where rather than attempting to characterize the size and variability of reservoir effects to “correct” shell carbonate dates, we describe a compound-specific approach that isolates conchiolin, the organic matter bound with the shell matrix of the L. irrorata. Conchiolin typically constitutes <5% of shell weight. In L. irrorata, it is derived from the snail’s terrestrial diet and is thus not strongly influenced by marine, hardwater, or other carbon reservoir effects. We compare the carbon isotopes (δ13C and Δ14C) of L. irrorata shell carbonate, conchiolin, and bulk soft tissue from six modern, live-collected specimens from Apalachicola Bay, Florida, with samples that represent possible sources of carbon within their environment including surface sediments, marsh plant tissues, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in water. Ultimately, this paper demonstrates that samples obtained from wet chemical oxidation of L. irrorata conchiolin produces accurate 14C dates.

Introduction: Little is known about the variety of roles volunteers play in the emergency department (ED), and the potential impact they have on patient experience. The objective of this scoping review was to identify published and unpublished reports that described volunteer programs in EDs, and determine how these programs impacted patient experiences or outcomes. Methods: Electronic searches of Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and CINAHL were conducted and reference lists were hand-searched. A grey literature search was also conducted (Web of Science, ProQuest, Canadian Business and Current Affairs Database ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global). Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, reviewed full text articles, and extracted data. Results: The search strategy yielded 4,589 potentially relevant citations. After eliminating duplicate citations and articles that did not meet eligibility criteria, 87 reports were included in the review. Of the included reports, 18 were peer-reviewed articles, 6 were conference proceedings, 59 were magazine or newspaper articles, and 4 were graduate dissertations or theses. Volunteer activities were categorized as non-clinical tasks (e.g., provision of meals/snacks, comfort items and mobility assistance), navigation, emotional support/communication, and administrative duties. 52 (59.8%) programs had general volunteers in the ED and 35 (40.2%) had volunteers targeting a specific patient population, including pediatrics, geriatrics, patients with mental health and addiction issues and other vulnerable populations. 20 (23.0%) programs included an evaluative component describing how ED volunteers affected patient experiences and outcomes. Patient satisfaction, follow-up and referral rates, ED and hospital costs and length of stay, subsequent ED visits, medical complications, and malnutrition in the hospital were all reported to be positively affected by volunteers in the ED. Conclusion: This scoping review demonstrates the important role volunteers play in enhancing patient and caregiver experience in the ED. Future volunteer engagement programs implemented in the ED should be formally described and evaluated to share their success and experience with others interested in implementing similar programs in the ED.

Introduction: Hydronephrosis is the de facto measure of obstructive uropathy (OU) and can be evaluated using renal Point of Care Ultrasound (rPOCUS). This educational initiative aimed to develop an effective one-day rPOCUS curriculum and evaluate if feedback/quality assurance (QA), leads to an improvement in image acquisition and interpretation of hydronephrosis as well as comfort with the technique. Methods: Physicians were randomized into a QA or control group (NQA) and all attended a one day training session which involved acquiring rPOCUS scans with one-on-one instruction. Participants then performed POCUS scans on all ED patients where formal renal US was deemed clinically indicated. The QA group received feedback on every scan from qualified ED physicians. Overall sensitivity and specificity were calculated compared to formal scans using a chi-square test. Written QA was reviewed for future improvements. Crossover occurred at 10 weeks to allow for equal learning opportunity but analyses focused on pre-crossover data. Participants completed surveys at study start and end focusing on initiative effectiveness and barriers/comfort with POCUS measured with a likert scale (Not at all (1)-Very (7)). Results: Fourteen ED physicians participated. The most common cited barrier to utilizing rPOCUS was lack of knowledge/training (78.6%). A total of 63 POCUS scans were reviewed. Common feedback included breath-holding (69.7%), use of color doppler (48.5%) and including a transverse sweep (36.4%). Sensitivity and specificity were better in the QA versus NQA group though the difference was not significant (Se- 75.0% vs 50.0%, 95%CI: −34.0-73.4%; Sp- 89.3% vs 73.9%, 95% CI: 8.2-39.2%). Ten physicians completed the post survey; all reported improved comfort with rPOCUS in assessment of hydronephrosis (median [IQR]: Δ+2 [1-3]). At study end, the comfort rating for using only POCUS and not formal scan remained low (median [IQR]: 3.50 [1.8-4.2]). The training initiative was rated highly with a median [IQR] rating of 5.50 [4.8-7.0]. Conclusion: Although the initiative was rated highly effective and resulted in improved comfort with renal POCUS, physicians did not feel comfortable solely using POCUS without formal scan to diagnose OU. Despite the initiative's success, further educational programs are needed before rPOCUS can be safely used as the primary investigation. In the future, a greater emphasis should be placed on the commonly noted areas of improvement.

While much research has focused on crop damage following foliar exposure to auxin herbicides, reports documenting the risk posed by exposure via root uptake of irrigation water are lacking. Herbicide residues circulated in tailwater recovery systems may pose threats of cross-crop impacts to nonresistant cultivars with known sensitivity to auxins. An auxin-susceptible soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar was grown in a controlled growth chamber environment and exposed to dicamba dissolved in irrigation water applied to the soil surface, simulating furrow irrigation. Five herbicide treatment concentrations, ranging from 0.05 to 5.0 mg L−1 and encompassing estimated field doses of 3.1 to 310g ha−1, were applied to the soil of potted soybean plants at V3/V4 or R1 growth stages. Plant injury (0% to 100%), dry mass, height, number of pods, and number of pod-bearing nodes were measured. Kruskal-Wallis and logistic regression analyses were performed to determine treatment differences and examine dose effects. Yield losses were projected using (1) 14 d after treatment plant injury assessments based on injury–yield relationships described for foliar exposures and (2) pod counts. Dicamba concentration was the main significant factor affecting all growth response metrics, and growth stage was a significant explanatory variable only for the height response metric. A nonlinear response to dicamba dose was observed, with the threshold response dose required to affect 50% of plants being three times greater for 40% crop injury compared with 20% injury. Yield projections derived from plant response to root uptake compared with foliar exposure indicate that soybean may express both magnitude of injury and specific symptomology differently when exposure occurs via root uptake. Drift exposure–based models may be incompatible to predict soybean yield loss when injury results from irrigation. Data are needed to develop correlations for predicting yield losses based on field-scale exposure to dicamba in irrigation water, as well as assessment of real-world concentrations of herbicide residues in tailwater recovery systems.

The potential advantages of synchrotron sources for x-ray fluorescence analysis have been discussed by several authors. These advantages include high incident flux, tunable excitation energies using crystal monochromators, and reduction of scattered background due to polarization effects. Minimum detectable limits have both been calculated and measured, and have demonstrated the improvements that can be achieved vising synchrotron sources. In this paper we present results obtained using tunable, monochromatic excitation and a high resolution lithium-drifted silicon, Si(Li), spectrometer for the quantitative analysis of a variety of sample types. Our experiments were designed to investigate the advantages and limitations of tunable monochromatic excitation with respect to optimum sensitivity, accuracy, and elemental selectivity in energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis.

X-ray microscopy is a field that has developed rapidly in recent years. Two different approaches have been used. Zone plates have been employed to produce focussed beams with sizes as low as 0.07 pm for x-ray energies below 1 keV. Images of biological materials and elemental maps for major and minor low Z have been produced using above and below absorption edge differences. At higher energies collimators and focussing mirrors have been used to make small diameter beams for excitation of characteristic K— or L-x rays of all elements in the periodic table.

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played an important role in the evolution of nematodes. Among candidate genes, cyanase, which is typically found only in plants, bacteria and fungi, is present in more than 35 members of the Phylum Nematoda, but absent from free-living and clade V organisms. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the cyanases of clade I organisms Trichinella spp., Trichuris spp. and Soboliphyme baturini (Subclass: Dorylaimia) represent a well-supported monophyletic clade with plant cyanases. In contrast, all cyanases found within the Subclass Chromadoria which encompasses filarioids, ascaridoids and strongyloids are homologous to those of bacteria. Western blots exhibited typical multimeric forms of the native molecule in protein extracts of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae, where immunohistochemical staining localized the protein to the worm hypodermis and underlying muscle. Recombinant Trichinella cyanase was bioactive where gene transcription profiles support functional activity in vivo. Results suggest that: (1) independent HGT in parasitic nematodes originated from different Kingdoms; (2) cyanase acquired an active role in the biology of extant Trichinella; (3) acquisition occurred more than 400 million years ago (MYA), prior to the divergence of the Trichinellida and Dioctophymatida, and (4) early, free-living ancestors of the genus Trichinella had an association with terrestrial plants.

The ventricular assist device is being increasingly used as a “bridge-to-transplant” option in children with heart failure who have failed medical management. Care for this medically complex population must be optimised, including through concomitant pharmacotherapy. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic alterations affecting pharmacotherapy are increasingly discovered in children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, another form of mechanical circulatory support. Similarities between extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and ventricular assist devices support the hypothesis that similar alterations may exist in ventricular assist device-supported patients. We conducted a literature review to assess the current data available on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in children with ventricular assist devices. We found two adult and no paediatric pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies in ventricular assist device-supported patients. While mechanisms may be partially extrapolated from children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, dedicated investigation of the paediatric ventricular assist device population is crucial given the inherent differences between the two forms of mechanical circulatory support, and pathophysiology that is unique to these patients. Commonly used drugs such as anticoagulants and antibiotics have narrow therapeutic windows with devastating consequences if under-dosed or over-dosed. Clinical studies are urgently needed to improve outcomes and maximise the potential of ventricular assist devices in this vulnerable population.

The present experimental investigation characterises the dynamic response and wake structure of a sinusoidally rotating circular cylinder with a low mass ratio (defined as the ratio of the total oscillating mass to the displaced fluid mass) undergoing cross-stream flow-induced vibration (FIV). The study covers a wide parameter space spanning the forcing rotary oscillation frequency ratio $0\leqslant f_{r}^{\ast }\leqslant 4.5$ and the forcing rotation speed ratio $0\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{r}^{\ast }\leqslant 2.0$ , at reduced velocities associated with the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) upper and lower amplitude response branches. Here, $f_{r}^{\ast }=f_{r}/f_{nw}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{r}^{\ast }=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{o}D/(2U)$ , where $f_{r}$ is the forcing rotary oscillation frequency, $f_{nw}$ is the natural frequency of the system in quiescent fluid (water), $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{o}$ is the peak angular rotation speed, $D$ is the cylinder diameter and $U$ is the free-stream velocity; the reduced velocity is defined by $U^{\ast }=U/(\,f_{nw}D)$ . The fluid–structure system was modelled using a low-friction air-bearing system in conjunction with a free-surface recirculating water channel, with axial rotary motion provided by a microstepping motor. The cylinder was allowed to vibrate with only one degree of freedom transverse to the oncoming free-stream flow. It was found that in specific ranges of $f_{r}^{\ast }$ , the body vibration frequency may deviate from that seen in the non-rotating case and lock onto the forcing rotary oscillation frequency or its one-third subharmonic. The former is referred to as the ‘rotary lock-on’ (RLO) region and the latter as the ‘tertiary lock-on’ (TLO) region. Significant increases in the vibration amplitude and suppression of VIV could both be observed in different parts of the RLO and TLO regions. The peak amplitude response in the case of $U^{\ast }=5.5$ (upper branch) was observed to be $1.2D$ , an increase of approximately $50\,\%$ over the non-rotating case, while in the case of $U^{\ast }=8.0$ (lower branch), the peak amplitude response was $2.2D$ , a remarkable increase of $270\,\%$ over the non-rotating case. Notably, the results showed that the amplitude responses at moderate Reynolds numbers ( $Re=UD/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}=2060$ and $2940$ , where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid) in the present study showed significant differences from those of a previous low-Reynolds-number ( $Re=350$ ) numerical study at similar reduced velocities by Du & Sun (Phys. Fluids, vol. 14 (8), 2015, pp. 2767–2777). Remarkably, in an additional study examining the cylinder vibration as a function of $U^{\ast }$ while the fixed forcing rotary oscillation parameters were kept constant at $(f_{r}^{\ast },\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{r}^{\ast })=(1.0,1.0)$ , the cylinder experienced substantially larger oscillations than in the non-rotating case, and a rotation-induced galloping response was observed for $U^{\ast }>12$ , where the amplitude increased monotonically to reach approximately $3.0D$ at the highest reduced velocity ( $U^{\ast }=20$ ) tested. Furthermore, new wake modes were identified in the RLO and TLO regions using particle image velocimetry measurements at selected points in the $f_{r}^{\ast }-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{r}^{\ast }$ parameter space.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Background: Delirium is a well described form of acute brain organ dysfunction characterized by decreased or increased movement, changes in attention and concentration as well as perceptual disturbances (i.e., hallucinations) and delusions. Catatonia, a neuropsychiatric syndrome traditionally described in patients with severe psychiatric illness, can present as phenotypically similar to delirium and is characterized by increased, decreased and/or abnormal movements, staring, rigidity, and mutism. Delirium and catatonia can co-occur in the setting of medical illness, but no studies have explored this relationship by age. Our objective was to assess whether advancing age and the presence of catatonia are associated with delirium. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Methods: We prospectively enrolled critically ill patients at a single institution who were on a ventilator or in shock and evaluated them daily for delirium using the Confusion Assessment for the ICU and for catatonia using the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale. Measures of association (OR) were assessed with a simple logistic regression model with catatonia as the independent variable and delirium as the dependent variable. Effect measure modification by age was assessed using a Likelihood ratio test. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results: We enrolled 136 medical and surgical critically ill patients with 452 matched (concomitant) delirium and catatonia assessments. Median age was 59 years (IQR: 52–68). In our cohort of 136 patients, 58 patients (43%) had delirium only, 4 (3%) had catatonia only, 42 (31%) had both delirium and catatonia, and 32 (24%) had neither. Age was significantly associated with prevalent delirium (i.e., increasing age associated with decreased risk for delirium) (p=0.04) after adjusting for catatonia severity. Catatonia was significantly associated with prevalent delirium (p<0.0001) after adjusting for age. Peak delirium risk was for patients aged 55 years with 3 or more catatonic signs, who had 53.4 times the odds of delirium (95% CI: 16.06, 176.75) than those with no catatonic signs. Patients 70 years and older with 3 or more catatonia features had half this risk. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Conclusions: Catatonia is significantly associated with prevalent delirium even after controlling for age. These data support an inverted U-shape risk of delirium after adjusting for catatonia. This relationship and its clinical ramifications need to be examined in a larger sample, including patients with dementia. Additionally, we need to assess which acute brain syndrome (delirium or catatonia) develops first.

Background:ATP8A2 mutations have only recently been associated with human disease. We present the clinical features from the largest cohort of patients with this disorder reported to date. Methods: An observational study of 9 unreported and 2 previously reported patients with biallelic ATP8A2 mutations was carried out at multiple centres. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 9.4 years old (range: 2.5-28 yrs). All patients demonstrated developmental delay, severe hypotonia and movement disorders: chorea/choreoathetosis (100%), dystonia (27%) or facial dyskinesia (18%). Hypotonia was apparent at birth (70%) or before 6 months old (100%). Optic atrophy was observed in 75% of patients who had a funduscopic examination. MRI of the brain was normal for most patients with a small proportion showing mild cortical atrophy (30%), delayed myelination (20%) and/or hypoplastic optic nerves (20%). Epilepsy was seen in two older patients. Conclusions:ATP8A2 gene mutations have emerged as a cause of a novel phenotype characterized by developmental delay, severe hypotonia and hyperkinetic movement disorders. Optic atrophy is common and may only become apparent in the first few years of life, necessitating repeat ophthalmologic evaluation. Early recognition of the cardinal features of this condition will facilitate diagnosis of this disorder.

This study experimentally investigates the in-line flow-induced vibration (FIV) of an elastically mounted circular cylinder under forced axial rotation in a free stream. The present experiments characterise the structural vibration, fluid forces and wake structure of the fluid–structure system at a low mass ratio (the ratio of the total mass to the displaced fluid mass) over a wide parameter space spanning the reduced velocity range $5\leqslant U^{\ast }\leqslant 32$ and the rotation rate range $0\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\leqslant 3.5$ , where $U^{\ast }=U/(\,f_{nw}D)$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=|\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}|D/(2U)$ , with $U$ the free-stream velocity, $D$ the cylinder outer diameter, $f_{nw}$ the natural frequency of the system in quiescent water and $|\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}|$ the angular velocity of the cylinder rotation. The corresponding Reynolds number (defined by $Re=UD/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ , with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ the kinematic viscosity of the fluid) was varied over the interval $1349\leqslant Re\leqslant 8624$ , where it is expected that the FIV response is likely to be relatively insensitive to the Reynolds number. The fluid–structure system was modelled using a low-friction air-bearing system in conjunction with a free-surface water-channel facility. Three vibration regions that exhibited vortex-induced vibration (VIV) synchronisation, rotation-induced galloping and desynchronised responses were observed. In both the VIV synchronisation and rotation-induced galloping regions, significant cylinder vibration was found to be correlated with wake–body synchronisation within the rotation rate range $2.20\lesssim \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\lesssim 3.15$ . Of significant interest, the frequency of the streamwise fluid force could be modulated by the imposed rotation to match that of the transverse lift force, resulting in harmonic synchronisation. Measurements using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique were performed to identify the wake structure. Interestingly, the imposed rotation can cause regular vortex shedding in in-line FIV at rotation rates that see suppression of the Bénard–von-Kármán vortex shedding in the case of a rigidly mounted cylinder ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\gtrsim 1.75$ ). There is a monotonic increase in the drag coefficient with rotation rate beyond $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=2$ for a non-oscillating rotating cylinder. This suggests that the mechanism for sustaining the large rotation-induced galloping oscillations at higher $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ is due to a combination of aerodynamic forcing from the locked induced vortex shedding associated with the oscillations, assisted by aerodynamic forcing, evaluated using quasi-steady theory.

Introduction: Patients with uncomplicated biliary disease frequently present to the emergency department for assessment. To improve bedside clinical decision making many emergency medicine physicians have pursued specialized training to perform point of care biliary ultrasound in the emergency department (BUSED). The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of BUSED in predicting the need for surgical consultation and intervention for biliary disease. Methods: A retrospective study of 283 consecutive patients visiting the emergency department who received a BUSED scan from December 1, 2016 to July 16, 2017. Physician interpretations of the BUSED scans were collected from the electronic image storage and interpretation system. Additional data was collected from the electronic health record including lab values, the subsequent use of diagnostic imaging, and outcomes data including disposition, surgical consultation or intervention, and 28 day follow up for representation or complication. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were performed. Results: Of the patients who received a biliary POCUS scan, 29% were referred to general surgery, and 43% of those referred proceeded to eventual cholecystectomy. Factors found to be independently predictive of surgical intervention on point of care BUSED scans included presence of gall stones (OR 13.01, 95%CI 5.02 to 27.1) and increased gallbladder wall thickness (OR 6.01, 95%CI 1.7 to 11.1). A total of 30% of patients receiving BUSED required at least one additional, radiology based imaging test (CT or diagnostic US). Average emergency department length of stay was substantially longer for those who required additional imaging as compared to those who were able to be diagnosed by BUSED alone (16.1 versus 5.2 hours, 10.9 hours 95%CI 10.6 11.2, p<0.05) . Conclusion: Point of care biliary ultrasound performed by emergency physicians provides timely access to diagnostic information. Positive findings of gall stones and increased gall bladder wall thickness are highly predictive of the need for surgical intervention. Future, prospective studies are warranted to determine if point of care sonography is sufficient to proceed to surgery in select cases of uncomplicated biliary disease.