Intracrystalline water adsorption of Ca-montmorillonite was calculated as the product of one-half the interlayer spacing from X-ray powder diffraction analysis and the difference between the desorption surface area determined with ethylene glycol-monoethyl ether and BET surface area determined by N2 adsorption. Osmotic adsorption was calculated as the product of the N2 surface area and theoretical double layer thickness. Measured water adsorption of P2O5-dry clay, compacted to initial densities (γ0) from 0.52 to 1.59 g/cm3 and submerged in 0.01 N CaCl2 was 2.4 to 4.2 times greater than intracrystalline plus osmotic adsorption due to the occurrence of pores exceeding double layer dimensions. The increase in expansion caused by reducing electrolyte concentration to 0.001 N was equal to the predicted increase in double layer volume, verifying the existence of an osmotic component to swelling.

Measured expansion following submersion in 0.01 N CaCl2 increased continuously with γ0 from 0.53 cm3/g at γ0 = 0.52 g/cm3 to 1.17 cm3/g at γ0 = 1.59 g/cm3, while estimated osmotic plus intracrystalline expansion was constant at 0.30 cm3/g. This discrepancy is attributed to swelling caused by gas pressures developing ahead of advancing wetting fronts. The effect of compaction on expansion is explained by reductions in pore size, as measured by N2 desorption, which accompany compaction. Reduced pore size should increase entrapped air pressures, whereas gradual wetting should favor their dissipation. Accordingly, slow wetting reduced the expansion of a sample where γ0 = 1.06 g/cm3 from 0.77 to 0.37 cm3/g. Swelling due to entrapped air pressures produced a large increase in the number of pores > 104 Å in diameter, as determined by Hg intrusion porosimetry.

The quenching of cluster satellite galaxies is inextricably linked to the suppression of their cold interstellar medium (ISM) by environmental mechanisms. While the removal of neutral atomic hydrogen (H i) at large radii is well studied, how the environment impacts the remaining gas in the centres of galaxies, which are dominated by molecular gas, is less clear. Using new observations from the Virgo Environment traced in CO survey (VERTICO) and archival H i data, we study the H i and molecular gas within the optical discs of Virgo cluster galaxies on 1.2-kpc scales with spatially resolved scaling relations between stellar ($\Sigma_{\star}$), H i ($\Sigma_{\text{H}\,{\small\text{I}}}$), and molecular gas ($\Sigma_{\text{mol}}$) surface densities. Adopting H i deficiency as a measure of environmental impact, we find evidence that, in addition to removing the H i at large radii, the cluster processes also lower the average $\Sigma_{\text{H}\,{\small\text{I}}}$ of the remaining gas even in the central $1.2\,$kpc. The impact on molecular gas is comparatively weaker than on the H i, and we show that the lower $\Sigma_{\text{mol}}$ gas is removed first. In the most H i-deficient galaxies, however, we find evidence that environmental processes reduce the typical $\Sigma_{\text{mol}}$ of the remaining gas by nearly a factor of 3. We find no evidence for environment-driven elevation of $\Sigma_{\text{H}\,{\small\text{I}}}$ or $\Sigma_{\text{mol}}$ in H i-deficient galaxies. Using the ratio of $\Sigma_{\text{mol}}$-to-$\Sigma_{\text{H}\,{\small\text{I}}}$ in individual regions, we show that changes in the ISM physical conditions, estimated using the total gas surface density and midplane hydrostatic pressure, cannot explain the observed reduction in molecular gas content. Instead, we suggest that direct stripping of the molecular gas is required to explain our results.

The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by T. H. Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories, USA. Many laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials, operating at different wavelengths. In the UK, academia, industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of applications. This historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology, the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Our results reveal a limited amount of breast cancer survivorship print materials as both understandable and actionable, and indicate a need to supplement material with personalized teaching. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Using educational print material for young women breast cancer survivors (YBCS) is considered a best practice in patient teaching. Little is known about how well YBCS understand or act upon the material. The purpose of this study was to assess the understandability and actionability of commonly distributed breast cancer survivorship print materials. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used an environmental scan approach to obtain breast cancer survivorship print materials available in eight outpatient oncology clinics and one electronic medical record used in a Midwestern state. Print materials were included if they were freely available to patients, were specific to breast cancer, provided detailed information about survivorship, and were directly given to patients by physicians or nurses. Print materials were excluded if topics were related to treatment, diagnosis, or prevention. All brochures, drug advertisements, and advertisements for support services were excluded. The understandability and actionability analyses of the breast cancer survivorship print materials were analyzed using Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials (PEMAT-P). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The environmental scan resulted in 82 individual print materials. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight breast cancer survivorship print materials were included in the final sample. The final sample included two books, two patient education handouts from the electronic medical record, two multi-page booklets, and two pamphlets. The overall mean understandability score of the print materials was 68.9% ? 11.3 with a range of 47% to 80%. Five materials scored above the recommended 70% in understandability. The overall mean actionability score of the print materials was much higher at 81.3% ? 21.6 with a range of 67% to 100%. Five materials scored above 70% in actionability. However, only three of the eight materials scored above the recommended 70% in both understandability and actionability. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Limited breast cancer survivorship print materials exist as both understandable and actionable. Personalized instruction provided by oncology team members may be indicated to supplement the material. This additional teaching may help ensure survivors comprehend messages and act upon specific tasks as indicated in survivorship print material.

We examine a turbulent distributed wall-source plume: the flow resulting from a uniform vertical wall source of buoyancy such as that produced by an evenly heated or cooled vertical wall. The vertically distributed buoyancy source is created by forcing dense salt water solution through a porous wall. Velocity measurements on a vertical plane normal to the wall are first presented examining the full height of the wall in order to identify the region in which the bulk flow has become fully turbulent, self-similar and reached an invariant balance between the fluxes of volume, momentum and buoyancy. Simultaneous velocity and buoyancy field measurements are then presented in this region and an entrainment coefficient of $\alpha = 0.068 \pm 0.006$ is determined. This value is small compared to that of buoyancy-driven unbounded flows, e.g. a free line plume, and we reason this to be due to the presence of a rigid boundary restricting meandering and turbulence production, rather than the effect of the vertically distributed source of buoyancy. Turbulent velocity and buoyancy statistics are presented and, in order to gain physical insights into the flow behaviour, the results are compared to those of other canonical buoyancy-driven free and wall-bounded flows. We show that the bulk mixing of distributed wall-source plumes can be captured by consideration of the characteristic vertical velocities and a constant entrainment coefficient. This mixing is inhibited both by the presence of a rigid boundary and the reduced characteristic velocities (compared to those of wall line plumes).

We examine the flow resulting from a vertically distributed wall-source plume in both an unventilated and ventilated space. First, we present experimental ambient buoyancy measurements for an unventilated ‘filling box’ where the developing ambient buoyancy profiles are successfully modelled using an adapted ‘peeling’ model which incorporates results presented in Part 1 of this work. We then present steady-state ambient buoyancy measurements for a ventilated box. Using dye visualisation, it is observed that, in the steady state, negligible ambient vertical transport occurs within the stratified region, implying a linear ambient buoyancy stratification within this region, and we predict the gradient of this linear stratification. Finally, we apply our experimental results to two practical examples. We present a methodology to create a given linear ambient temperature stratification within a room via a prescribed uniform wall heat flux and consider the resulting temperature stratification within a large ventilated atrium with a wall heated by solar radiation.

We present simultaneous two-dimensional measurements of the velocity and buoyancy fields on a central vertical plane in two-dimensional line plumes: a free plume distant from vertical boundaries and a wall plume, adjacent to a vertical wall. Data are presented in both an Eulerian and a plume coordinate system that follow the instantaneous turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) of the plume. We present measurements in both coordinate systems and compare the entrainment in the two flows. We find that the value of the entrainment coefficient in the wall plume is greater than half that of the free plume. The reduction in entrainment is investigated by considering a decomposition of the entrainment coefficient based on the mean kinetic energy where the relative contributions of turbulent production, buoyancy and viscous terms are calculated. The reduced entrainment is also investigated by considering the statistics of the TNTI and the conditional vertical transport of the ambient and engulfed fluid. We show that the wall shear stress is non-negligible and that the free plume exhibits significant meandering. The effect of the meandering on the entrainment process is quantified in terms of the stretching of the TNTI where it is shown that the length of the TNTI is greater in the free plume and, further, the relative vertical transport of the engulfed ambient fluid is observed to be 15 % greater in the free plume. Finally, the turbulent velocity and buoyancy fluctuations, Reynolds stresses and the turbulent buoyancy fluxes are presented in both coordinate systems.

The triazines are one of the most widely used herbicide classes ever developed and are critical for managing weed populations that have developed herbicide resistance. These herbicides are traditionally valued for their residual weed control in more than 50 crops. Scientific literature suggests that atrazine, and perhaps other s-triazines, may no longer remain persistent in soils due to enhanced microbial degradation. Experiments examined the rate of degradation of atrazine and two other triazine herbicides, simazine and metribuzin, in both atrazine-adapted and non-history Corn Belt soils, with similar soils being used from each state as a comparison of potential triazine degradation. In three soils with no history of atrazine use, the t1/2 of atrazine was at least four times greater than in three soils with a history of atrazine use. Simazine degradation in the same three sets of soils was 2.4 to 15 times more rapid in history soils than non-history soils. Metribuzin in history soils degraded at 0.6, 0.9, and 1.9 times the rate seen in the same three non-history soils. These results indicate enhanced degradation of the symmetrical triazine simazine, but not of the asymmetrical triazine metribuzin.

The structure and elastic properties of MgSiO3, a major mantle-forming phase, have been simulated using computer models which predict the minimum energy structure by using interatomic pair potentials to describe the net forces acting between the atoms. Four such interatomic potentials were developed in this study, and are compared with potential N1 of Miyamoto and Takeda (1984). The most successful potential (W3) was derived by fitting the short range potential parameters to both the experimentally obtained structural and elastic properties of MgSiO3 perovskite. The relative stabilities of some of the possible perovskite polymorphs, the orthorhombic, cubic, and tetragonal phases and hexagonal polytypes, were evaluated at 0 K and between 1 bar and 2 Mbar. The orthorhombic phase is found to be stable at all but the highest pressures, where the cubic phase may be stable. The temperature of the ortho-rhombic to cubic transition may decrease with increasing pressure. The energy of a stacking fault on (110) in the cubic phase was estimated using the ANNNI model and found to be about 1.95 J m−2 using potential W3. The distance of separation of partial dislocations of this type is predicted to increase with increasing pressure from 8.4 Å at 1 bar to 9.2 Å at 1 Mbar.

We use an approach based upon the atomistic or Born model of solids, in which potential functions represent the interactions between atoms in a structure, to calculate the infrared and Raman vibrational frequencies of forsterite. We investigate a variety of interatomic potentials, and find that although all the potentials used reproduce the structural and elastic behaviour of forsterite, only one potential (THB1) accurately predicts its lattice dynamics. This potential includes ‘bond-bending’ terms, that model the directionality of the Si-O bond, which we suggest plays a major role in determining the structural and physical properties of silicates. The potential was derived empirically from the structural and physical data of simple oxides, and its ability to model the lattice dynamics of forsterite is a significant advance over previous, force-constant models, which have been simply derived by fitting to the spectroscopic data that they aim to model. The success that we have had in predicting the lattice dynamics of forsterite indicates that the potential provides the previously elusive yet fundamental, quantitative link between the microscopic or atomistic behaviour of a mineral and its macroscopic or bulk thermodynamic properties.

We present simultaneous two-dimensional velocity and scalar measurements on a central vertical plane in an axisymmetric pure turbulent plume. We use an edge-detection algorithm to determine the edge of the plume, and compare the data obtained in both a fixed Eulerian frame and a frame relative to local coordinates defined in terms of the instantaneous plume edge. In an Eulerian frame we observe that the time-averaged distributions of vertical and horizontal velocity are self-similar, the vertical velocity being well represented by a Gaussian distribution. We condition these measurements on whether fluid is inside or outside of the plume, and whether fluid inside is mixed plume fluid or engulfed ambient fluid. We find that, on average, 5 % of the total vertical volume transport occurs outside the plume and this figure rises to nearly 14 % at heights between large-scale coherent structures. We show that the fluxes of engulfed fluid within the plume envelope are slightly larger than the vertical transport outside the plume – indicating that ambient fluid is engulfed into the plume envelope before being nibbled across the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) and then ultimately irreversibly mixed. Our new measurements in the plume coordinate (following the meandering fluctuating plume) show the flow within the plume and in the nearby ambient fluid is strongly influenced by whether an eddy is present locally within the plume, or absent. When an eddy is present and the plume is wide, the vertical velocities near the plume edge are small and hence all vertical transport is inside the plume. In regions where the plume is narrow and there is no eddy, large vertical velocities and hence transport are observed outside the plume suggesting that pressure forces associated with the eddies accelerate ambient fluid which is then engulfed into the plume. Finally, we show that observing significant vertical velocities beyond the scalar edge of the plume does not suggest that the characteristic width of the velocity distribution is greater than that of the scalar field; on the contrary, we show our observations to be consistent with a buoyancy distribution that is up to 20 % wider than that of the velocity. Measurements in the plume coordinates show that the mixing of momentum across the plume results in a distribution for which the differential entropy is close to maximal and the mixing of momentum is uninhibited (i.e. not bounded) by the TNTI of the plume. Furthermore, our measurements suggest that the scalar mixing across the plume may also result in a distribution for which the differential entropy is close to maximal but, in contrast to the momentum, the scalar mixing is strictly bounded by the plume edge.

Transplanted cabbage was grown in conventional-tillage (100% cultivated) and strip-tillage (25% cultivated and 75% residue) production systems with various herbicide treatments to evaluate weed control and cabbage yield. DCPA at 9 kg ai/ha, napropamide at 1.1 kg ai/ha, oxyfluorfen at 0.3 kg ai/ha, and oxyfluorfen at 0.2 kg ai/ha plus napropamide at 1.1 kg ai/ha provided commercially acceptable (> 80%) control of carpetweed, swinecress, large crabgrass, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters under both tillage systems. However, only oxyfluorfen plus napropamide provided control of eclipta. At a second location, all herbicides controlled common purslane and barnyardgrass and all but DCPA controlled hairy galinsoga. Overall, cabbage yields were the same between conventional and strip-tillage systems, and among herbicide treatments when average cabbage head weights across tillage method were pooled.

A literature-based compilation of phylogenetic relationships and biometric measurements of 342 Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal species suggests that the group shows a net increase in size through the Cenozoic, thus appearing to follow Cope's Rule of phyletic size increase. However, when the data are corrected for size-related biases, they do not support the hypothesis that this apparent trend is driven by an organismal adaptive advantage of larger size.

When the planktonic foraminifera return to their “primitive” globigerine morphology during the Eocene-Oligocene transition, there is no indication of size-dependent origination or extinction; however, when the extinction signal is decomposed into pseudoextinctions and true lineage terminations, a differential pulse of pseudoextinction is observed among the smaller forms. This observation suggests that smaller bodied species, rather than surviving stressful times with static morphologies, may evolve their way through times of crisis and go on to found lineages which, by virtue of their initial small size, are stochastically likely to increase in mean size during subsequent diversification. Thus, one general explanation for Cope's Rule might be that smaller bodied species are more adaptively responsive due to their tendency to have shorter generation times. During times of stress, this adaptive responsiveness may give them an advantage that is correlated with, but causally unrelated to, their size.

The evolutionary origin of Morozovella angulata from its immediate ancestor, Praemurica uncinata, is preserved in Paleocene sediments from the Gulf of Mexico. This event represents the beginning of the morozovellid radiation and marks the first appearance of keeled planktonic foraminifera after the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction. Parallel biometric and isotopic analyses were performed on size-segregated specimens from a succession of stratigraphic horizons. The biometric data reveal a temporal pattern of variation consistent with paedomorphosis. The appearance of angulose juvenile chambers in the otherwise rounded ancestral form (Praemurica uncinata) results in an allometry that becomes more pronounced upsection. At the origin of M. angulata, the juvenile morphology of the ancestor is retained throughout the entire ontogeny. Isotopic analysis of this sequence reveals the gradual acquisition of an increasingly heavy adult δ13C signal relative to that of the juvenile, while the δ18O data display no temporal or size-related trends. The temporal increase seen in the slope of the δ13C/size relationship may reflect the evolution of an increased dependency on photosymbionts.