Reactive nitrogen (Nr) occurs in different forms, arises from a wide range of activities and sources, and leads to environmental impacts over different spatial and temporal scales.

Integrated approaches to N management are anticipated to provide more effective (larger decreases in unwanted emissions) and /or more efficient (less side effects, less costs) policy measures than policy measures based on single sources and pollutant species.

There are many notions of integrated approaches, but as yet little consensus about the best integrated approaches. There is also little quantitative empirical evidence of the performance of these approaches in practice.

The pitfall of integrated approaches is that they may be more complex to agree, leading to a delayed implementation.

Based on recent literature and a discussion among experts, the present chapter provides a conceptual framework for developing integrated approaches to N management.

Whilst discussing the framework, various examples of existing partially integrated N management approaches have been considered.

A package of key actions in different sectors is envisaged that, together, should contribute to further developing integrated approaches to N management in the future