Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors (KaSPI) play important roles in insect growth, development, digestion, metabolism and immune defence. In this study, based on the transcriptome of Mythimna separata, the cDNA sequence of MsKaSPI with Kazal domain was uploaded to GenBank (MN931651). Spatial and temporal expression analysis showed that MsKaSPI was expressed at different developmental stages and different tissues, and it was induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone in third-instar larvae of M. separata. After 24 h infection by Beauveria bassiana, the expression level of MsKaSPI and the corresponding MsKaSPI content were significantly up-regulated, being 6.42-fold and 1.91-fold to the control group, respectively, while the activities of serine protease, trypsin and chymotrypsin were inhibited. After RNA interference interfered with MsKaSPI for 6 h, the expression decreased by 73.44%, the corresponding content of MsKaSPI protein decreased by 55.66% after 12 h, and the activities of serine protease and trypsin were significantly enhanced. Meanwhile, both the larval and pupal stages of M. separata were prolonged, the weights were reduced and the number of eggs per female decreased by 181. Beauveria bassiana infection also increased the mortality of MsKaSPI-silenced M. separata by 18.96%. These prove MsKaSPI can not only result in slow growth and low fecundity of M. separata by regulating the activity of related protease, but also participate in the resistance to pathogenic fungi by regulating the serine protease inhibitor content and the activities of related serine protease.

To clarify the combined effects of the cutting time and cutting height on ratooning ability and rice grain yield of the ratoon crop in the novel ratoon rice cropping, a field experiment was carried out to investigate the combined effects of harvesting time and the stubble-cutting height of the main crop on the growth duration, ratooning ability and grain yield of the ratoon crop. The growth period was shortened by 3.5 days on average when the harvesting time was 10 days ahead of time. On average, the growth duration was prolonged by 7 days per each decrease of 10 cm stubble height. Early harvesting and increasing stubble-cutting height greatly increased the grain yield of the ratoon crop. The highest grain yield was achieved at 10 days after flowering stage and a stubble height of 30 cm, which were 6916 kg·hm−2 for XLY900 and 7262 kg·hm−2 for YY4149, averaged across years. High rice yield of the ratoon crop was mainly depended on panicle numbers and grain-filling percentage, rather than spikelets per panicle. Increasing cutting height and the cutting time of the main crop ahead maintain more stubble biomass and nitrogen content. A significant positive correlation was observed between stubble nitrogen content and tillers-to-stubble ratio (TSR), as well as a significant positive relation was found between panicle-to-stubble ratio and TSR. Therefore, cutting 10 days after flowering stage of the main crop with 30 cm stubble-cutting height enhances ratooning ability due to higher stubble biomass and nitrogen content, and then increases rice yield of the ratoon crop.

Let $S=\{s_{1}, s_{2}, \ldots \}$ be an unbounded sequence of positive integers with $s_{n+1}/s_{n}$ approaching $\alpha $ as $n\rightarrow \infty $ and let $\beta>\max (\alpha , 2)$. We show that for all sufficiently large positive integers l, if $A\subset [0, l]$ with $l\in A$, $\gcd A=1$ and $|A|\geq (2-{k}/{\lambda \beta })l/(\lambda +1)$, where $\lambda =\lceil {k}/{\beta }\rceil $, then $kA\cap S\neq \emptyset $ for $2<\beta \leq 3$ and $k\geq {2\beta }/{(\beta -2)}$ or for $\beta>3$ and $k\geq 3$.

Lean hydrogen/air premixed flame flashback in a turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate is investigated using three-dimensional direct numerical simulation with detailed chemical kinetics. The upstream propagation of the flame takes place in near-wall turbulence and the interaction between the flame and the approaching reactant flow is studied. It is found that backflow regions are always present immediately upstream of flame bulges that are convex towards the reactants, confirming earlier observations. A flashback speed, including the effects of flame displacement speed and flow velocity, is introduced to quantify the flame flashback behaviour. This analysis indicates that the flashback speed is overall positive and it is considerably affected by the presence of the backflow regions. A budget analysis of the pressure transport equation is performed to explain the presence of the backflow regions. It is suggested that the positive dilatation and thermal diffusion terms near the leading edge of flame bulges are the main reasons for the pressure increase, leading to an adverse pressure gradient. The effects of the flame-induced adverse pressure gradient on the structures of the turbulent boundary layer are also investigated. It is revealed that the near-wall mean velocity and skin-friction coefficient are reduced due to the adverse pressure gradient. The coherent vortical structures of the boundary layer turbulence are lifted by the adverse pressure gradient. The analysis of the Reynolds stress component showed that the ejection event is augmented by combustion while the sweep event is attenuated, which facilitates the occurrence of flame flashback.

Examination of the material collected by Taiwan deep-sea cruises reveals the presence of five species of the deep-sea shrimp genus Glyphocrangon A. Milne-Edwards, 1881, representing new records for Taiwan and Dongsha (Pratas Island; under jurisdiction of Taiwan). These species are Glyphocrangon albatrossae, G. caecescens, G. indonesiensis, G. major and G. proxima, all of which belong to the informal Glyphocrangon spinicauda species group. These findings bring the total number of species in the G. spinicauda species group reported in the waters around Taiwan and Dongsha to 11. The complex ornamentation of the body surface of each species is shown using micro-computed tomography. Diagnosis and illustrations showing diagnostic characters and living colouration are provided for most, if not all, of these species. Glyphocrangon grandis is placed under the synonymy of G. major based on morphology, because it was found that diagnostic characters proposed to distinguish these two taxa are variable within the current series of specimens. The biogeographical distributions of these species are presented, and a key is provided to help identify the 11 known species in this region.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the mental health of healthcare workers (HCWs). We aimed to identify the factors associated with depression among HCWs during the pandemic. We conducted literature search using eight electronic databases up to July 27 2022. Observational studies with more than 200 participants investigating correlates of depression in HCWs after COVID-19 outbreak were included. We used fixed- and random-effects models to pool odds ratios (ORs) across studies, and Cochran's chi-squared test and I2 statistics to assess study heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated by funnel plots. Thirty-five studies involving 44,362 HCWs met the inclusion criteria. Female (OR=1.50, 95% CI [1.23,1.84]), single (OR=1.36, 95% CI [1.21,1.54]), nurse (OR=1.69, 95% CI [1.28,2.25]), history of mental diseases (OR=2.53, 95% CI [1.78,3.58]), frontline (OR=1.79, 95% CI [1.38,2.32]), health anxiety due to COVID-19 (OR=1.88, 95% CI [1.29,2.76]), working in isolation wards (OR=1.98, 95% CI [1.38,2.84]), and insufficient personal protective equipment (OR=1.49, 95% CI [1.33,1.67]) were associated with increased risk of depression. Instead, HCWs with a positive professional prospect (OR=0.34, 95% CI [0.24,0.49]) were less likely to be depressed. This meta-analysis provides up-to-date evidence on the factors linked to depression among HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the persistent threats posed by COVID-19, early screening is crucial for the intervention and prevention of depression in HCWs.

This paper presents a comprehensive study of flow-induced vibrations of a D-section prism with various angles of attack $\alpha$ ($= 0^{\circ }\unicode{x2013}180^{\circ }$) and reduced velocity $U^*$ (= 2–20) via direct numerical simulations at a Reynolds number ${Re} = 100$. The prism is allowed to vibrate in both streamwise and transverse directions. Based on the characteristics of vibration amplitudes and frequencies, the responses are classified into nine different regimes: typical VIV regime ($\alpha = 0^{\circ }\unicode{x2013}30^{\circ }$), hysteretic VIV regime ($\alpha = 35^{\circ }\unicode{x2013}45^{\circ }$), extended VIV regime ($\alpha = 50^{\circ }\unicode{x2013}55^{\circ }$), first transition response regime ($\alpha = 60^{\circ }\unicode{x2013}65^{\circ }$), dual galloping regime ($\alpha = 70^{\circ }$), combined VIV and galloping regime ($\alpha = 75^{\circ }\unicode{x2013}80^{\circ }$), narrowed VIV regime ($\alpha = 85^{\circ }\unicode{x2013}145^{\circ }$), second transition response regime ($\alpha = 150^{\circ }\unicode{x2013}160^{\circ }$) and transverse-only galloping regime (${\alpha = 165^{\circ }\unicode{x2013}180^{\circ }}$). In the typical and narrowed VIV regimes, the vibration frequencies linearly increase with increasing $U^*$. In the hysteretic and extended VIV regimes, the vibration amplitudes are large in a wider range of $U^*$ as a result of the closeness of the vortex shedding frequency to the natural frequency of the prism because of the shear layer reattachment and separation point movement. In the two galloping regimes, the transverse amplitude keeps increasing with $U^*$ while the streamwise amplitude stays small or monotonically increases with increasing $U^*$. In the combined VIV and galloping regime, the vibration amplitude is relatively small in the VIV region while drastically increasing with increasing $U^*$ in the galloping region. In the transition response regimes, the vibration frequencies are galloping-like but the divergent amplitude cannot persist at high $U^*$. Furthermore, a wake mode map in the examined parametric space is offered. Particular attention is paid to physical mechanisms for hysteresis, dual galloping and flow intermittency. Finally, we probe the dependence of the responses on Reynolds numbers, mass ratios and degrees of freedom, and analyse the roles of the shear layer reattachment and separation point movement in the appearance of multiple responses.

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) is considered to be a major regulator to control cholesterol homeostasis in mammals. However, the role of SREBP2 in teleost remains poorly understand. Here, we explored the molecular characterization of SREBP2 and identified SREBP2 as a key modulator for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) and 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) which were rate-limiting enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis. Moreover, dietary palm oil (PO) in vivo or palmitic acid (PA) treatment in vitro elevated cholesterol content through triggering SREBP2-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis in large yellow croaker. Furthermore, our results also found that PA-induced activation of SREBP2 was dependent on the stimulating of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in croaker myocytes and inhibition of ERS by 4-Phenylbutyric acid alleviated PA-induced SREBP2 activation and cholesterol biosynthesis. In summary, our findings reveal a novel insight for understanding the role of SREBP2 in regulation of cholesterol metabolism in fish and may deepen the link between dietary fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis.

Maternal depressive symptoms are a crucial risk factor for children’s internalizing problems, though positive mother–child relationships may buffer this risk transmission. Mother–child physiological coregulation (e.g., synchrony) has emerged as a potentially important mechanism of developmental psychopathology and may play a role in the transmission of internalizing symptoms. In this two-wave longitudinal study, we examined whether and how mother–infant physiological synchrony (of respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) moderated the association between maternal postnatal depressive symptoms and children’s internalizing problems in a rural, low-SES community sample (N = 166 dyads). At 6 months, mother–infant RSA synchrony and infant negative affect were assessed during free play. Mother reported their depressive symptoms at 6 months and children’s internalizing problems at 24 months. Multilevel structural equation models indicated that mother–infant dyads demonstrated significant and positive RSA synchrony on average and RSA synchrony significantly moderated the association between maternal depressive symptoms and children’s internalizing problems even after controlling for infant negative affect. Greater maternal depressive symptoms were associated with higher child internalizing problems when RSA synchrony was lower but not when it was higher. This finding suggests that mother–infant RSA synchrony may operate as a resilience factor for the intergenerational transmission of internalizing symptoms in community samples.

Data reconstruction of rotating turbulent snapshots is investigated utilizing data-driven tools. This problem is crucial for numerous geophysical applications and fundamental aspects, given the concurrent effects of direct and inverse energy cascades. Additionally, benchmarking of various reconstruction techniques is essential to assess the trade-off between quantitative supremacy, implementation complexity and explicability. In this study, we use linear and nonlinear tools based on the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and generative adversarial network (GAN) for reconstructing rotating turbulence snapshots with spatial damages (inpainting). We focus on accurately reproducing both statistical properties and instantaneous velocity fields. Different gap sizes and gap geometries are investigated in order to assess the importance of coherency and multi-scale properties of the missing information. Surprisingly enough, concerning point-wise reconstruction, the nonlinear GAN does not outperform one of the linear POD techniques. On the other hand, the supremacy of the GAN approach is shown when the statistical multi-scale properties are compared. Similarly, extreme events in the gap region are better predicted when using GAN. The balance between point-wise error and statistical properties is controlled by the adversarial ratio, which determines the relative importance of the generator and the discriminator in the GAN training.

This article develops a framework to test how surface-level and deep-level faultlines impact team performance through subgroup formation and team interaction quality. We test it with 96 empirical articles on team faultlines from 2002 to 2022, using meta-analytic techniques. Firstly, results suggest that subgroup formation and team interaction quality act as serial mediums through which surface-level and deep-level faultlines exert negative indirect effects on team performance. Secondly, moderator analyses reveal that increasing interaction time will mitigate the effects of surface-level faultlines but enhance the effects of deep-level faultlines. Finally, surface- and deep-level social faultlines and deep-level task faultlines are detrimental to team interaction quality, and these negative effects are mediated by subgroup formation. Surface-level task faultlines are beneficial to team interaction, and this positive effect does not work through subgroup formation.

The International Law Association (ILA) and the Institut de Droit International (IDI) were both founded in 1873 at a critical juncture in the history of pacifism and internationalism, in the immediate aftermath of the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War and the 1872 British-American Alabama arbitration. Frustrated by the blatant violations of international rules during the war and then emboldened by the arbitral resolution of the protracted Alabama dispute between Britain and the United States, pacifists and international jurists joined forces to promote an ordered system of international law and advocate for legalized international dispute settlement. The aim was to marshal the scattered reformist forces of international law in furtherance of international legal reform—“international law needed to be institutionalized,” as Gerald Fitzmaurice put it.1 This resulted in the almost simultaneous establishment of the pacifism-originated ILA and the legal-scientism-oriented IDI, and helped to explain the similarity in institutional telos and the high degree of overlap in membership between the two institutions in their early years.2 Nevertheless, the ILA and the IDI differed in their working agendas and strategies. In terms of agendas, while the ILA tended to adopt an idealist view of international law hardly succumbing to compromises, the IDI mainly adhered to a scientifically pragmatic approach. With respect to strategies, the ILA sought social influence based on expansive membership, while the IDI's membership consisted of a limited number of international jurists. Despite changes over time, these organizational structures and distinctions between the two institutions at their founding moment are still visible.