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Objectives: To analyze the response patterns and trends of 68 surveys of successive NIH consensus panels' views on the NIH consensus process.
Methods: Each panel's responses were compared to an “average” panel's responses calculated by determining the mean response for each survey question across panels.
Results: The results show a stable pattern of panelists' generally positive views. However, several conferences were judged very positively and some very negatively compared to the norm. Most negatively viewed conferences occurred early in the consensus program's history.
Conclusions: The disparate perceptions are discussed and interpreted as reflecting favorable panels' views of recent changes in the NIH Consensus Development Program.
Tardive dyskinesia is important in the side-effect profile of antipsychotic medication.
Aims
The development of tardive dyskinesia was evaluated in patients treated with double-blind, randomly assigned olanzapine or haloperidol for up to 2.6 years.
Methods
Tardive dyskinesia was assessed by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Tardive Dyskinesia (RD-TD); it was defined as meeting RD-TD criteria at two consecutive assessments. The risk of tardive dyskinesia, the relative risk, incidence rate, and incidence rate ratio were estimated.
Results
The relative risk of tardive dyskinesia for the overall follow-up period for haloperidol (n=522) v. olanzapine (n=1192) was 2.66 (95% CI=1.50–4.70). Based on data following the initial six weeks of observation (during which patients underwent medication change and AIMS assessments as frequently as every three days), the one-year risk was 0.52% with olanzapine (n=513) and 7.45% with haloperidol (n=114). The relative risk throughout this follow-up period was 11.37 (95% Cl=2.21–58.60).
Conclusion
Our results indicated a significantly lower risk of tardive dyskinesia with olanzapine than with haloperidol.
This study compared the efficacy and safety of sertraline to placebo in treating panic disorder.
Method
178 out-patients with panic disorder who exhibited at least four panic attacks during the four weeks prior to screening and three during the two weeks of lead-in were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of double-blind treatment with sertraline (50, 100 or 200 mg) or placebo.
Results
Sertraline was superior to placebo in reducing the number of panic attacks, situational attacks, unexpected attacks, limited symptom attacks, and time spent worrying (all P < 0.01) and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (P < 0.05), although Clinical Global Impression (Improvement) did not significantly differentiate groups at 12 weeks and at end-point. No serious adverse events were associated with sertraline. No dose relationship was found for adverse events; overall drop-out rates were not different for sertraline or placebo, although more sertraline-treated subjects discontinued for adverse events, typically early in the study. Only dry mouth and ejaculation failure (primarily ejaculation delay) were associated significantly with sertraline. Conclusions Sertraline was effective and safe in reducing panic attacks. Higher doses were no more effective than the 50 mg dose.
The treatment of prostate cancer was reviewed at a U.S. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference in June 1987. Data from the U.S. National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results tumor registries were analyzed and showed that the proportion of eligible prostate cancer patients receiving the recommended therapies did not increase at a faster rate after the conference than before.
In September 1989, a meeting was held at Needham Hall, The University of Manchester, England, entitled ‘Physical Influences on Embryonic Development in Birds and Reptiles’. The philosophy behind this meeting was to bring together scientists who specialised in the incubation and physiology of avian embryos with those workers interested in reptilian eggs and embryos. Leading authorities within many fields of incubation, oology and embryology were invited to give a presentation reviewing current knowledge within their sphere of research. The idea was to stimulate interest and collaboration between avian and reptilian researchers who may not have had any significant contact previously and to systematically compare and contrast events in birds and reptiles: a task never before attempted due in part to the paucity of reptilian data until the rapid expansion in knowledge of the past five years. Each speaker was also requested to produce a written review which forms the basis of this volume. This book is not a set of conference proceedings. Rather, it aims to be a comprehensive review of relevant reptilian and avian embryonic data: a text designed as a reference guide for the next few years.
The book aims to review incubation and embryology in birds and different kinds of reptiles and covers three major areas: the first deals with the chemical components and structure of eggs; the second examines the effects of the four main determinants of incubation, temperature, water relations, respiratory gas exchange and turning, upon embryonic development together with reviews of the evolutionary significance of incubation parameters.
This book reviews comprehensively incubation effects on embryonic development in birds and reptiles and presents the first ever synthesis of data from these two vertebrate classes. The book is in three parts. The first deals with the structure, shape and function of eggs. The second examines the effects of the four main parameters on the process of incubation: temperature, water relations, respiratory gas exchange, and turning. The third section deals with early embryonic development and the methods used to investigate and manipulate the embryo. Further chapters deal with aestivation, megapodes and oviparity. International experts in each field have contributed to this extensively referenced volume and it will be of great interest not only to research biologists, but also to bird and reptile breeders, whether in commercial organisations or in zoos.
In field studies, sprinkler irrigation application of the butyl ester of fluazifop-P, the methyl ester of haloxyfop, and the ethyl ester of quizalofop controlled large crabgrass as well as conventional spray applications. In greenhouse investigations, root uptake of the herbicides from sprinkler irrigation applications injured large crabgrass more than root uptake from conventional applications, but large crabgrass injury from shoot uptake was equal with sprinkler irrigation and conventional applications. Droplets with dilute concentrations of herbicide and crop oil, simulating sprinkler irrigation, were more active when applied to the whorl or second leaf than to the first leaf of large crabgrass. An increase in concentration of nonemulsified oil in the treatment solution increased herbicide deposition and retention.
Conditional (if-then) sentences have long been of central concern in the study of reasoning. Because modern academic practice has compartmentalized three distinct disciplines: linguistics, psychology and philosophy, a tremendous variety of different questions and angles of approach have developed, often independently, and without a common focus. The purposes of this book are: (i) to emphasize the intrinsic connections between the issues that have been addressed within the three disciplines; (ii) to show that all share similar concerns with how human beings use conditional constructions in their language to reason and to communicate their thoughts; and (iii) to point to new directions and potential areas of cross-fertilization for future studies.
The papers are arranged as follows. Part I presents a broad survey of conditionals, the ways in which they are used to reason, and the ways in which they are structured in language (the overview by the editors, and papers by Barwise, Johnson-Laird, and Comrie from the points of view of philosophy, psychology, and linguistics, respectively). Part II presents approaches to particular aspects of conditionals, starting with papers in the tradition of philosophy and formal syntax and semantics that show how the study of conditionals can lead to the refinement of syntactic and semantic theories (Reinhart, ter Meulen, and Veltman). It moves on to papers that focus on the intentions of speakers in using and understanding conditionals from the different perspectives of philosophy, linguistics and psychology (Adams, Van der Auwera, and Fillenbaum).