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Handbook of Psychophysiology
  • 4th edition
  • Edited by John T. Cacioppo, Louis G. Tassinary, Gary G. Berntson
  • Published online:
    27 January 2017
    Print publication:
    15 December 2016
  • The Handbook of Psychophysiology has been the authoritative resource for more than a quarter of a century. Since the third edition was published a decade ago, the field of psychophysiological science has seen significant advances, both in traditional measures such as electroencephalography, event-related brain potentials, and cardiovascular assessments, and in novel approaches and methods in behavioural epigenetics, neuroimaging, psychoneuroimmunology, psychoneuroendocrinology, neuropsychology, behavioural genetics, connectivity analyses, and non-contact sensors. At the same time, a thoroughgoing interdisciplinary focus has emerged as essential to scientific progress. Emphasizing the need for multiple measures, careful experimental design, and logical inference, the fourth edition of the Handbook provides updated and expanded coverage of approaches, methods, and analyses in the field. With state-of-the-art reviews of research in topical areas such as stress, emotion, development, language, psychopathology, and behavioural medicine, the Handbook remains the essential reference for students and scientists in the behavioural, cognitive, and biological sciences.

  • 5 - Cognizance of the Neuroimaging Methods for Studying the Social Brain

  • from Part I - Foundations
  • Edited by Sukhvinder S. Obhi, McMaster University, Ontario, Emily S. Cross, Bangor University
  • Book:
    Shared Representations
    Published online:
    27 October 2016
    Print publication:
    17 November 2016, pp 86-106

  • Summary

    Abstract

    A key challenge in the study of the social brain resides not only in determining how psychological states and processes map onto patterns of brain activity but also how this activity is modulated by shared representations, social compositions and social behaviors. The past 20 years have seen the growth of neuroimaging methods for studying neural aspects of shared representations, embodied cognition and the social brain in normal, waking humans. We discuss the intimate relationship between theory and methods; we discuss a set of considerations to guide the interpretation or understanding of data from neuroimaging studies; and we discuss the importance of using converging methods to dissect the social brain.

  • 9 - Social Neuroscience

  • from Section B - Cognitive and Social Neuroscience
  • Edited by Robert J. Sternberg, Cornell University, New York, Susan T. Fiske, Princeton University, New Jersey, Donald J. Foss, University of Houston
  • Book:
    Scientists Making a Difference
    Published online:
    05 August 2016
    Print publication:
    11 August 2016, pp 45-48

  • Summary

    Social species by definition create organizations and processes beyond the individual. These superorganismal structures and processes can differ across species, but typically evolved hand in hand with neural, hormonal, cellular, and genetic mechanisms because the consequent structures and behaviors helped these organisms survive, reproduce, and leave a genetic legacy. Humans, born to a long period of utter dependency and dependent on conspecifics across the lifespan to survive and prosper, are an ultra-social species. Attachment, attraction, attitudes, aggression, altruism, affiliation, attribution, conformity, contagion, cooperation, competition, communication, culture, and empathy are just a few behavioral processes that are fundamentally social.

    I attended graduate school at Ohio State University, where I studied both social and biological approaches to behavior. When I proposed a dissertation that sought to bring these perspectives together to better understand the factors and mechanisms underlying social behavior, however, I received pushback from both sides. From the biological perspective, social factors were thought to be a recent evolutionary development, and therefore to have few (if any) implications for the basic development, structure, or function of the nervous system. And even if they did, the notion was that they were too complex to study effectively in our lifespan. From the social perspective, the twentieth century had seen two world wars, a great depression, generations of social injustice, and the development of nuclear warfare. Even if the brain and biology were relevant, the pushback was that it would take far too long to develop a sufficient understanding of the brain to contribute anything to our understanding of social processes or behavior, much less to the solution of the social ills that threatened society.

    If not for the encouragement of my roommate – a fellow graduate student and now life-long friend, Richard Petty – to pursue my passion, my career might have taken a very different course. And if not for the good fortune of joining the faculty at Ohio State University in 1989 in both social psychology and biopsychology, and striking up a collaboration with yet another great friend and colleague, Gary Berntson, we likely would never have proposed the interdisciplinary field of social neuroscience with the goal of identifying the neural, hormonal, cellular, and genetic mechanisms underlying social structures and processes, and identifying the specific influences and pathways linking social and neural structures and processes.

  • Longitudinal Genetic Analysis for Loneliness in Dutch Twins

  • Dorret I. Boomsma, John T. Cacioppo, Bengt Muthén, Tihomir Asparouhov, Shaunna Clark
  • Journal:
    Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 10 / Issue 2 / 01 April 2007
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    21 February 2012, pp. 267-273
    • Article
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  • In previous studies we obtained evidence that variation in loneliness has a genetic component. Based on adult twin data, the heritability estimate for loneliness, which was assessed as an ordinal trait, was 48%. These analyses were done on loneliness scores averaged over items (‘I feel lonely’ and ‘Nobody loves me’) and over time points. In this article we present a longitudinal analysis of loneliness data assessed in 5 surveys (1991 through 2002) in Dutch twins (N = 8389) for the two separate items of the loneliness scale. From the longitudinal growth modeling it was found sufficient to have non-zero variance for the intercept only, while the other effects (linear, quadratic and cubic slope) had zero variance. For the item ‘I feel lonely’ we observed an increasing age trend up to age 30, followed by a decline to age 50. Heritability for individual differences in the intercept was estimated at 77%. For the item ‘Nobody loves me’ no significant trend over age was seen; the heritability of the intercept was estimated at 70%.

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