A 63nm Twin Flash memory cell with a size of 0.0225μm2 per 2 (or 4) bits is presented. To achieve small cell areas, a buried bit line and an aggressive gate length of 100 nm are the key features of this cell together with a minimum thermal budget processing. A novel epitaxial CoSi2 process allows the salicidation of local buried bitlines with only a few tens of nanometer width.

Matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation direct-write (MAPLE-DW) is a laser-based method of directly writing mesoscopic patterns of electronic materials. Patterns of composite BaTiO3/SiO2/TiO2 dielectric material were written onto Pt/Au interdigitated-electrode test structures, with precise control over final dielectric properties. Scanning electron microscopy indicates random close-packed structures of BaTiO3 and SiO3 particles, with interstitial spaces partially filled with titania. Depending on the BaTiO3:silica ratio, the dielectric constant ranged from 5 to 55 and followed a 4-component logarithmic rule of mixing. This work demonstrates that the transfer process and the final material properties of MAPLE-DW oxide materials are largely decoupled.

We present a laser-based direct write technique termed matrix-assisted pulsed-laser evaporation direct write (MAPLE DW). This technique utilizes a laser transparent fused silica disc coated on one side with a composite matrix consisting of the material to be deposited mixed with a laser absorbing polymer. Absorption of laser radiation results in the decomposition of the polymer, which aids in transferring the solute to an acceptor substrate placed parallel to the matrix surface. Using MAPLE DW, complex patterns consisting of metal powders, ceramic powders, and polymer composites were transferred onto the surfaces of various types of substrates with <10 micron resolution at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure without the use of masks.

Subthreshold damage in p-type Si implanted and annealed at elevated temperature is characterized using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). P-type Si is implanted with Si, Ge and Sn with energies in the range of 4 to 8.5 MeV, doses from 7 × 1012to 1×1014cm−2and all annealed at 800°C for 15 min. For each implanted specie, DLTS spectra show a transition dose called threshold dose above which point defects transform in to extended defects. DLTS measurements have shown for the doses below threshold, a sharp peak, corresponding to the signature of point defects and for doses above threshold a broad peak indicating the presence of extended defects. This is found to be consistent with TEM analyses where no defects are seen for the doses below threshold and the presence of extended defects for the doses above threshold. This suggests a defect transformation regime where point defects present below threshold are acting like nucleating sites for the extended defects. Also the mass dependence on the damage evolution has been observed, where rod-like defects are observed in the case of Si and (rod-like defects and loops) for Ge and Sn despite the fact that peak concentration of vacancies for Ge and Sn are normalized to the peak number of vacancies for Si.

A large-scale survey of milks from healthy and mastitic bovine quarters was undertaken to establish the influence of mastitic infection on milk lipase activity and free fatty acid (FFA) level. Mastitic milks tended to have higher FFA levels, but lower lipoprotein lipase activities compared with milk from healthy quarters. These effects became significant at relatively severe levels of infection. The elevated FFA was attributable to higher FFA levels on secretion and to greater lipolysis during storage. Levels of carboxylesterase activity increased with severity of mastitis and showed high positive correlation with mastitis indices.

Marked increases in carboxylesterase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and phospholipase occurred following the induction of mastitis by intramammary infusion of Escherichia, coli endotoxin, in parallel with changes in somatic cell count and other mastitis indices. Relatively little change in lipoprotein lipase activity was observed.

The amount of damage caused to the milk-fat globule by mechanical agitation of raw milk was assessed by several methods and related to the level of induced lipolysis resulting from the agitation. The results obtained by measuring the amount of ‘free’ fat formed, the percentage of fat in the skim-milk phase after separation, and the increase in the proportion of alkaline phosphatase associated with the skim-milk phase, showed little correlation with the level of lipolysis induced by agitation over a range of conditions. However, the level of induced lipolysis showed good correlation with the amount of lipolysis caused by addition of an exogenous lipase (from Candida cylindraceae) to the agitated milk. It is concluded that classical methods of assessing milk-fat globule damage are unsuitable for predicting the amount of fat available for lipase action and the lipolytic potential of raw milk subjected to mechanical agitation.

Several factors which influence the shape of activation curves relating the degree of agitation-induced lipolysis in raw milk to the temperature of agitation were investigated. Curves of the type previously reported (Fitz-Gerald, 1974) containing a maximum at 12–15 °C resulted from low speed agitation with incorporation of air, with fresh (< 12-h old) milk, with milk of fat content ≥ 3·0 % approx. and by low temperature incubation of activated milks. Activation curves containing no distinct maximum at 12–15 °C were obtained from high speed agitation and homogenization, with milks of low fat contents and with aged (≥ 24-h old) milk. Agitation at low temperatures resulted in a maximum degree of activation in fresh milk after 2–4 h cold storage.

During agitation of raw milk redistribution of lipase activity between the cream and skim-milk phases occurred. The extent of redistribution depended on the time and temperature of agitation. Cream prepared from milk agitated at low temperatures contained lipase activity several times greater than cream from unactivated milk. The practical significance of this effect is discussed.

In this paper, the procedure of the clinical measurement of blood pressure is modelled by the application of a uniform pressure band to a long, homogeneous, isotropic cylinder. The deformations are assumed to be infinitesimal, and transform methods are used to analyse the resulting equations. The inversion of the resulting transforms is carried out numerically. It is shown that, in spite of the fairly crude assumptions of the model, the actual load on the artery may be markedly different from that applied to the surface, leading to inaccuracies in the measured blood pressure. The parameter of importance is shown to be the ratio of pressure band width to arm diameter.