OBJECTIVES/GOALS: By establishing a youth-centric web-app as a central hub of information and inspiration in an attempt to engage a young demographic, this project aims to increase community awareness and reduce misconceptions surrounding clinical trials, in hopes of fairly representing marginalized communities among future clinical trial participants. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We designed a children’s web-app to host a collection of child-friendly educational materials (such as picture books, games, and age-appropriate articles about advances in clinical research) explaining clinical research and its process. An emphasis was put on ensuring the web-app and its contents were understandable and appealing to children. The effectiveness of this tool will be tested through a focus group study. Children ages 7-10 will be given a preliminary survey measuring their knowledge and opinions about clinical research, and then given time to explore the web-app. Afterwards, they will be given a secondary survey to gauge their acquired knowledge from the website and asked about their opinion on the design and usability of the web-app and its materials, as well as how likely they were to revisit the site. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate a very positive response from the children regarding the design and usability of the web-app and its materials. By using an adolescent-focused design methodology at every step of the design process, we will ensure that all materials are attractive and engaging to our younger target audience. Exposing children to accessible information about clinical trials at a young age allows us to build their trust in the research process prior to the possible internalization and acceptance of cultural misconceptions. Over time, we hope to see a change in attitudes toward clinical research as well as increased participation, whether from under-represented groups or a younger demographic, and positively contribute to T3 and onwards in the translational continuum. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: In a rapidly changing world, the best approach to making change is through targeting the younger demographic, the leaders of tomorrow. Our project will allow adolescents to foster a more well-rounded opinion of clinical research, increasing their participation and better paving a more positively received future for translational science as a whole.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Biomedical research fields are facing the challenges of demand for skilled workers as well as challenges related to diversity in that workforce. It is important that the healthcare workforce reflect the population it serves. The Exposures Internship seeks to address this by building pathways for youth to pursue careers in research and medicine. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In 2021, the Yale Cultural Ambassadors expressed concern about the lack of free high quality, educational offerings for youth that summer. They asked YCCI to consider developing a summer program for students aged 15 and older that focused on spurring interest in careers in healthcare, medicine, and clinical and translational research. The result was a 4-week virtual learning experience for 34 interns who met daily via Zoom and participated in course work, lectures, journal clubs, group projects, and virtual lunches with internationally renowned clinical research and healthcare leaders. Sessions were designed to help interns gain knowledge of and exposure to current topics in clinical and translational science and to observe the various steps of proposing, designing, undertaking, and analyzing clinical trials. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: YCCI received over 900 inquiries from around the world with more than 200 completed applications for participation in the internship for the pilot year. Since then, YCCI leadership has worked with community partners to engage young scholars from 17 different states, Canada, Mexico and Puerto Rico. Of those, we estimate 75% are minority, ~50% female and 20% from rural areas with limited similar opportunities. During the four weeks of the program these highly motivated students worked on projects aimed at increasing participation in pediatric research through a revised Informed consent and adolescent assent process and a youth centered awareness campaign. Interns were so inspired that they requested the program be continued beyond the initial four weeks. As such, YCCI continued to offer sessions throughout the year. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: In evaluation of the pilot program 95% of respondents strongly agreed that the program exposed them to new information about clinical and translational research. One intern shared, This program has unquestionably made me consider becoming a researcher in the future with the goal of becoming a principal investigator within my interest in medicine.

Plenoptic particle image velocimetry and surface pressure measurements were used to analyse the early development of leading-edge vortices (LEVs) created by a flat-plate wing of aspect ratio 2 rolling in a uniform flow parallel to the roll axis. Four cases were constructed by considering two advance coefficients, $J=0.54$ and 1.36, and two wing radii of gyration, $R_g/c=2.5$ and 3.25. In each case, the wing pitch angle was articulated such as to achieve an angle of attack of $33^{\circ }$ at the radius of gyration of the wing. The sources and sinks of vorticity were quantified for a chordwise rectangular control region, using a vorticity transport framework in a non-inertial coordinate system attached to the wing. Within this framework, terms associated with Coriolis acceleration provide a correction to tilting and spanwise convective fluxes measured in the rotating frame and, for the present case, have insignificant values. For the baseline case ($J=0.54, R_g/c=3.25$), three distinct spanwise regions were observed within the LEV, with distinct patterns of vortex evolution and vorticity transport mechanisms in each region. Reducing the radius of gyration to $R_g/c=2.5$ resulted in a more stable vortex with the inboard region extending over a broader spanwise range. Increasing advance ratio eliminated the conical vortex, resulting in transport processes resembling the mid-span region of the baseline case. Although the circulation of the LEV system was generally stronger at the larger advance coefficient, the shear-layer contribution was diminished.

Rapid whole genome sequencing (rapid WGS) is a powerful diagnostic tool that is becoming increasingly practical for widespread clinical use. However, protocols for its use are challenging to implement. A significant obstacle to clinical adoption is that laboratory certification requires an initial research development phase, which is constrained by regulations from returning results. Regulations preventing return of results have ethical implications in cases which might impact patient outcomes. Here, we describe our experience with the development of a rapid WGS research protocol, that balanced the requirements for laboratory-validated test development with the ethical needs of clinically relevant return of results.

In response to concerns about acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor–resistant weeds in wheat production systems, we explored the efficacy of managing Bromus spp., downy and Japanese bromes, in a winter wheat system using alternative herbicide treatments applied in either fall or spring. Trials were established at Lethbridge and Kipp, Alberta, and Scott, Saskatchewan, Canada over three growing seasons (2012–2014) to compare the efficacy of pyroxasulfone (a soil-applied very-long-chain fatty acid elongase inhibitor; WSSA Group 15) and flumioxazin (a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor; WSSA Group 14) against industry-standard ALS-inhibiting herbicides for downy and Japanese brome control. Winter wheat injury from herbicide application was minor, with the exception of flucarbazone application at Scott. Bromus spp. control was greatest with pyroxsulam and all herbicide treatments containing pyroxasulfone. Downy and Japanese bromes were controlled least by thiencarbazone and flumioxazin, respectively, whereas Bromus spp. had intermediate responses to the other herbicides tested. Herbicides applied in fall resulted in reduced winter wheat yield relative to the spring applications. Overall, pyroxasulfone or pyroxsulam provided the most efficacious Bromus spp. control compared with the other herbicides and consistently maintained optimal winter wheat yields. Therefore, pyroxasulfone could facilitate management of Bromus spp. resistant to ALS inhibitors in winter wheat in the southern growing regions of western Canada. Improved weed control and delayed herbicide resistance may be achieved when pyroxasulfone is applied in combination with flumioxazin.

This article explores challenges to accessing opioid treatment programs in rural areas, and offers solutions that would ease these problems.

Approximately 8–20 % of reproductive-aged women experience premenstrual syndrome (PMS), substantially impacting quality of life. Women with PMS are encouraged to reduce fat intake to alleviate symptoms; however, its role in PMS development is unclear. We evaluated the association between dietary fat intake and PMS development among a subset of the prospective Nurses’ Health Study II cohort. We compared 1257 women reporting clinician-diagnosed PMS, confirmed by premenstrual symptom questionnaire and 2463 matched controls with no or minimal premenstrual symptoms. Intakes of total fat, subtypes and fatty acids were assessed via FFQ. After adjustment for age, BMI, smoking, Ca and other factors, intakes of total fat, MUFA, PUFA and trans-fat measured 2–4 years before were not associated with PMS. High SFA intake was associated with lower PMS risk (relative risk (RR) quintile 5 (median=28·1 g/d) v. quintile 1 (median=15·1 g/d)=0·75; 95 % CI 0·58, 0·98; P trend=0·07). This association was largely attributable to stearic acid intake, with women in the highest quintile (median=7·4 g/d) having a RR of 0·75 v. those with the lowest intake (median=3·7 g/d) (95 % CI 0·57, 0·97; P trend=0·03). Individual PUFA and MUFA, including n-3 fatty acids, were not associated with risk. Overall, fat intake was not associated with higher PMS risk. High intake of stearic acid may be associated with a lower risk of developing PMS. Additional prospective research is needed to confirm this finding.

A qualitative ranking method, Q methodology, was used to assess stakeholder priorities for socioecological services derived from coastal marshes and communities. The goal was to reveal strength of concerns for and tradeoffs among effects of coastal resilience strategies. Factor analysis identified three perspectives that formed a spectrum from high to low priorities on intangible services. Academic and government stakeholders were more likely than local residents to prioritize intangible services, but stakeholder views were diverse. A collaborative learning process promoted some alignment of views and academics showed the most movement – towards residents’ perspectives. Q-sort appeared effective at efficiently synthesizing broad concerns.

The evolution of glyphosate resistance in weedy species places an environmentally benign herbicide in peril. The first report of a dicot plant with evolved glyphosate resistance was horseweed, which occurred in 2001. Since then, several species have evolved glyphosate resistance and genomic information about nontarget resistance mechanisms in any of them ranges from none to little. Here, we report a study combining iGentifier transcriptome analysis, cDNA sequencing, and a heterologous microarray analysis to explore potential molecular and transcriptomic mechanisms of nontarget glyphosate resistance of horseweed. The results indicate that similar molecular mechanisms might exist for nontarget herbicide resistance across multiple resistant plants from different locations, even though resistance among these resistant plants likely evolved independently and available evidence suggests resistance has evolved at least four separate times. In addition, both the microarray and sequence analyses identified non–target-site resistance candidate genes for follow-on functional genomics analysis.

Fluvial geomorphology and stratigraphy often reflect past environmental and climate conditions. This study examines the response of Bull Creek, a small ephemeral creek in the Oklahoma panhandle, to environmental conditions through the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Fluvial terraces were mapped and their stratigraphy and sedimentology documented throughout the course of the main valley. Based on their elevations, terraces were broadly grouped into a late-Pleistocene fill terrace (T3) and two Holocene fill-cut terrace sets (T2 and T1). Terrace systems are marked by similar stratigraphies recording the general environmental conditions of the time. Sedimentary sequences preserved in terrace fills record the transition from a perennial fluvial system during the late glacial period and the Younger Dryas to a semiarid environment dominated by loess accumulation and punctuated by flood events during the middle to late Holocene. The highest rates of aeolian accumulation within the valley occurred during the early to middle Holocene. Our data provide significant new information regarding the late-Pleistocene and Holocene environmental history for this region, located between the well-studied Southern and Central High Plains of North America.

Giant ragweed has been increasing as a major weed of row crops in the last 30 yr, but quantitative data regarding its pattern and mechanisms of spread in crop fields are lacking. To address this gap, we conducted a Web-based survey of certified crop advisors in the U.S. Corn Belt and Ontario, Canada. Participants were asked questions regarding giant ragweed and crop production practices for the county of their choice. Responses were mapped and correlation analyses were conducted among the responses to determine factors associated with giant ragweed populations. Respondents rated giant ragweed as the most or one of the most difficult weeds to manage in 45% of 421 U.S. counties responding, and 57% of responding counties reported giant ragweed populations with herbicide resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors, glyphosate, or both herbicides. Results suggest that giant ragweed is increasing in crop fields outward from the east-central U.S. Corn Belt in most directions. Crop production practices associated with giant ragweed populations included minimum tillage, continuous soybean, and multiple-application herbicide programs; ecological factors included giant ragweed presence in noncrop edge habitats, early and prolonged emergence, and presence of the seed-burying common earthworm in crop fields. Managing giant ragweed in noncrop areas could reduce giant ragweed migration from noncrop habitats into crop fields and slow its spread. Where giant ragweed is already established in crop fields, including a more diverse combination of crop species, tillage practices, and herbicide sites of action will be critical to reduce populations, disrupt emergence patterns, and select against herbicide-resistant giant ragweed genotypes. Incorporation of a cereal grain into the crop rotation may help suppress early giant ragweed emergence and provide chemical or mechanical control options for late-emerging giant ragweed.