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This chapter ties together the findings from the previous substantive chapters, uses statistical techniques to unearth common patterns, and explores what the origins and governance of public services in the nineteenth century tell us about today’s welfare state.
This chapter demonstrates how countries expanded vaccination programs following the invention of the smallpox vaccine and how anti-vaccination movements emerged.
This is the main theory chapter. It develops a new typology of public service reforms: vertical dimension of centralization and horizontal dimension of public versus mixed governance. The chapter analyzes the preferences of different political parties and the Church, and it sets out the methodology and chapter structure.
This chapter analyzes the origins of public libraries, the existence of subsidized libraries, and the role of governemnt in expanding access to knowledge.