Upper water column dynamics in the eastern Arabian Sea were reconstructed in order to investigate changes in the activity of the South Asian / Indian monsoon during the early Pleistocene (c. 1.5–2.7 Ma). We used planktic foraminiferal assemblage records combined with isotopic (δ18O and δ13C) data, Mg/Ca-based sea surface temperatures and seawater δ18O records to estimate changes in surface water conditions at International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1457. Our records indicate two distinct regimes of monsoon-induced changes in upper water structure during the periods c. 1.55–1.65 Ma and c. 1.85–2.7 Ma. We infer that a more stratified upper water column and oligotrophic mixed layer conditions prevailed during the period 1.85–2.7 Ma, which may be due to overall weaker South Asian / Indian winter (NE) and summer (SW) monsoon circulations. The period 1.55–1.65 Ma was characterized by enhanced eutrophication of the mixed layer, which was probably triggered by intensified winter (NE) monsoonal winds. The long-term trend in hydrographic changes during 1.55–1.65 Ma appears to be superimposed by short-term variations, probably reflecting glacial/interglacial changes. We suggest that an intensification of the South Asian / Indian winter monsoon circulation occurred between ∼1.65 Ma and 1.85 Ma, which is most likely due to the development of strong meridional and zonal atmospheric circulations (i.e. Walker Circulation and Hadley Circulation) because of strong equatorial East–West Pacific temperature gradients.

Founded in 1956, the Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI) was established with the objective of professionalizing management in post-colonial India through training, research, and consultancy. It was modeled on the Administrative Staff College at Henley-on-Thames (Henley), in the United Kingdom. Like Henley, ASCI used syndicates for its management training programs. Between 1958 and 1973, ASCI received more than $1.26 million from the Ford Foundation, part of which was used to finance the development and use of the case method in ASCI’s training programs, and later more widely in its research and consultancy. This article traces the ways by which the Ford Foundation––as a dominating institution––stigmatized Henley and ASCI, their institutional practices, and the wider Indian society; and legitimized the case method pioneered at the Harvard Business School. Imbricated in the Cold War’s geo-politics, Ford Foundation’s interventions in Hyderabad should be understood as part of the emergence of the United States as the dominant neo-colonial power, which required the displacement of Britain, its institutions, and their practices as the template for India’s post-colonial management institutions.

We present a case of a 3-week-old boy with persistent truncus arteriosus associated with interrupted right aortic arch having an anomalous origin of the left vertebral artery from the ascending aorta.

1. Let

be an entire function of two complex variables z 1 and z 2, holomorphic in the closed polydisk . Let

Following S. K. Bose (1, pp. 214-215), μ(r 1, r 2; ƒ ) denotes the maximum term in the double series (1.1) for given values of r 1 and r 2 and v 1{m2; r 1, r 2) or v 1(r 1, r 2), r 2 fixed, v 2(m 1, r 1, r 2) or v 2(r 1, r 2), r 1 fixed and v(r 1 r 2) denote the ranks of the maximum term of the double series (1.1).

Occurrence of Salmonella spp. in captive wild animal species in India is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of different Salmonella serotypes, antimicrobial resistance patterns and genotypic relatedness of recovered isolates. A total of 370 samples including faecal (n = 314), feed and water (n = 26) and caretakers stool swabs (n = 30) were collected from 40 different wild animal species in captivity, their caretakers, feed and water in four zoological gardens and wildlife enclosures in India. Salmonellae were isolated using conventional culture methods and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility with the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Salmonella isolates were serotyped and genotyping was performed using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. Animal faecal samples were also subjected to direct PCR assay. Salmonella was detected in 10 of 314 (3.1%) faecal samples by isolation and 18 of 314 (5.7%) samples by direct PCR assay; one of 26 (3.8%) feed and water samples and five of 30 (16.7%) caretakers stool swabs by isolation. Salmonella was more commonly isolated in faecal samples from golden pheasants (25%; 2/8) and leopard (10%; 2/20). Salmonella enterica serotypes of known public health significance including S. Typhimurium (37.5%; 6/14), S. Kentucky (28.5%; 4/14) and S. Enteritidis (14.3%; 2/14) were identified. While the majority of the Salmonella isolates were pan-susceptible to the commonly used antibiotics. Seven (43.7%; 7/16) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and one isolate each among them exhibited penta and tetra multidrug-resistant types. Three S. Kentucky serotype were identified in a same golden pheasants cage, two from the birds and one from the feed. This serotype was also isolated from its caretaker. Similarly, one isolate each of S. Typhimurium were recovered from ostrich and its caretaker. These isolates were found to be clonally related suggesting that wildlife may serve as reservoir for infections to humans and vice versa. These results emphasise the transmission of Salmonella among hosts via environmental contamination of feces to workers, visitors and other wildlife.

The electrochemical technique has been used to prepare aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films on FTO substrates using zinc nitrate and aluminum chloride precursor solution at 70 °C. The crystal structure, surface morphology, optical and electrical features of AZO films were examined at different potential voltages from −1.7 to −2.3 V in the initial solution. Structural studies of the deposited films were carried out through X-ray diffraction; the AZO films exhibited a polycrystalline nature with hexagonal structure, and crystals preferentially grew along the (002) orientation. The morphology of the deposited films was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the images showed that the spherical- and nanorod-shaped particles are uniformly distributed on the entire AZO film surface. The average size is found to be in the range of 45–70 nm by SEM and 28–32 nm by using the Scherrer’s rule. The EDS spectrum confirmed the chemical composition of Zn, O, Al, Sn, and F elements over the film surface. The optical properties were studied using a UV-visible spectrophotometer, and the deposited film showed the highest optical transmittance of ∼80% in the visible range for −1.7 V. The calculated energy gap of the AZO films decreases from 3.09 to 2.97 eV with increasing potential voltages. AZO thin films have been studied using photoluminescence to identify the film’s optical quality with respect to the wavelength range. The electrical properties were studied by the room temperature Hall effect system, and the observed low resistivity (ρ) is 1.58 × 10−2 (Ω cm) for the film deposited using a −2.1 V potential voltage.

In this work, morphology, viability, and metabolism of the amniotic mesenchymal stem cells conditioned with different citric acid (CA)/media ratios were investigated using rhodamine-phalloidin/4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, live/dead assay, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL assay). The cells cultured in 25:75 CA/media displayed well spread actin filaments with a prominent nucleus and evidenced optimum viability. The gelation kinetics of chitosan solution in CA/media (25:75) was monitored via dynamic time sweep analysis on a rheometer. The chemical cross-linking of chitosan with CA was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Subsequently, chitosan solution was extruded in CA/media bath containing cells under benign conditions to form cell-laden fibers (living fibers). The prelabeled cells imaged immediately after fiber formation confirmed the attachment of the cells on the fibers. This approach has several advantages including instantaneous gelation, tunable mechanical properties, and adjustable biodegradability that can provide a platform technology for creating viable three dimensional (3D) building blocks for tissue engineering applications.

The present study aimed to evaluate growth performance and meat quality of broiler chicken with respect to feeding of 100 g flaxseed meal (FM)/kg and increasing lysine levels in the broiler diet. The results revealed no effect of lysine and FM feeding on growth performance except for a negative effect of FM on feed efficiency of birds, which was countered by feeding 1.25 BIS lysine. Feeding FM improved the fatty acid profile of broiler chicken meat significantly, whereas no effect was observed for increasing lysine levels beyond BIS recommendation. FM significantly reduced meat cholesterol, fat, water-holding capacity (WHC), extract release volume (ERV) and antioxidant potential, whereas it increased the pH of fresh meat, drip loss and lipid peroxidation of broiler chicken meat. As compared with other lysine levels, generally 1.25 BIS lysine significantly increased the pH of refrigerated stored meat, WHC, ERV and antioxidant potential, whereas it significantly reduced cholesterol, fat, drip loss and lipid peroxidation of broiler chicken meat. Thus, the inclusion of 100 g FM/kg diet along with 1.25 BIS lysine in broiler ration was optimum for desirable broiler performance, fatty acid profile, oxidative stability and other functional properties of broiler chicken meat.

Wet snow avalanches in India are common during the mid- and late winter in the Pir Panjal Range (2000–3000ma.s.l.) and during the late winter in the Great Himalayan Range (3000 ma.s.l. and above). Although it is well known that the presence of liquid water in snow makes the flow behaviour of wet snow avalanches different from that of dry snow avalanches, there exist few actual flow measurements with wet snow. The aim of this investigation is to understand the dynamics of wet snow avalanches by conducting medium-scale experiments (volumes of 3, 6 and 11 m3) on the Dhundi snow chute in Himachal Pradesh, India. We measured flow velocities using video data, as well as optical velocity sensors installed on the side walls and running surface. Measurement results relating to the slip velocity of the front and tail of the moving snow mass, as well as the average slip velocity, are presented. In addition, we use the results of the vertical velocity profile measurements to calculate the effective viscosity of snow at two locations within the flow. We identified a shear thinning type of behaviour, suggesting that a single avalanche rheology cannot describe wet snow avalanche behaviour.

This study investigates the shock transformation in an underexpanded jet in a confined duct when the jet total pressure is increased. Experimental study reveals that the Mach reflection (MR) in the fully underexpanded jet transforms to a regular reflection (RR) at a certain jet total pressure. It is observed that neither the incident shock angle nor the upstream Mach number varies during the MR–RR shock transformation. This is in contradiction to the classical MR–RR transformations in internal flow over wedges and in underexpanded open jets. This transformation is found to be a total pressure variation induced transformation, which is a new kind of shock transformation. The present study also reveals that the critical jet total pressures for MR–RR and RR–MR transformations are not the same when the primary pressure is increasing and decreasing, suggesting a hysteresis in the shock transformations.

The desire of the international community to balance global economic growth against concerns of accelerated CO 2 emissions has brought solar technologies into the forefront for meeting increasing energy demands. This manuscript discusses the historical and potential future roles for small-to-medium scale solar thermal technologies in addressing the challenge of leveling energy access standards across countries with widely variable economic resources and consumer needs.

Access to modern energy services, such as heating for water, pumping for agricultural irrigation or potable water sources, and an on-demand 24/7 electrical grid, is central to provision of high quality social services, economic growth, and improved quality of life; however, over 1 billion people remain unelectrified globally. Enabling the projected growth in energy demands without relying on fossil fuels requires consideration of the viability of renewable energy technologies to serve these markets; this manuscript provides a discussion of the role of solar thermal energy systems in this capacity. A survey of systems under 1 MW capacity reported in the literature (academic and commercial) was conducted, with projects aggregated by service type (heat, cooling, electricity, or multi-) in the database provided as an appendix to this manuscript. In general, many hardware configurations have been explored, with economics driven substantially by supply chain pricing, and no clear winner has emerged. Process heat applications demonstrate economic competitiveness over a wide range of commercial applications; however, early explorations into power generation—or co/tri-generation configurations—provide indications that such technologies, while not expected to reach grid-parity tariffs, may in fact provide the most economical pathway to energy delivery in the currently most underserved communities.